ghassem aghajani mazandarani
Abstract
Introduction: Better use of water and soil resources in paddy fields, increase in rice production and farmer's income, installation of subsurface drainage system is necessary. The main goalof these systems, are aeration conditions improvement prevention of water logging, yield increase, land use increase ...
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Introduction: Better use of water and soil resources in paddy fields, increase in rice production and farmer's income, installation of subsurface drainage system is necessary. The main goalof these systems, are aeration conditions improvement prevention of water logging, yield increase, land use increase and multiuse of the land. In different countries, installation of subsurface drainage cause yield increase and working condition on the land, but no research has been conducted in different depths and spacing. On the other hand, spacing and depth are the most important parameters in the installation of drainage systems, have a direct effect on incoming water into the drains. The aim of this research, is an investigation of the effect of subsurface drainage with different depths and spacing on discharge rate variation and water table fall, in order to analyze the improvement of water flow movement in the soil. Also, study the effect of different drainage systems on the increase of the canola yield as the second cultivation in these treatments have been compared.
Materials and Methods: To measure hydraulic conductivity in different depths, the auger holes have been dug (excavated). The saturated hydraulic conductivity in these holes wasdetermined using Ernst method (1950) before installation of drainage systems. In the drainage pilot plot of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University three subsurface drainage systems with mineral envelope have been installed. 1- The first one with the 0.9 m depth and 30 m spacing (D90 L30), 2- The second one with 0.65 m depth and 15 m spacing (D0.65 L15) and 3- The third one with 0.65 m depth and spacing (D0.65 L30) and one bi-level system with mineral envelope including four drains of 15 m spacing with 0.9 m and 0.65 m depths were installed alternatively. After auger hole equipment installations, in the middle spacing of two subsurface and water table reading possible, the water table fluctuation and drain outlet discharge rate from farm drains during canola growing season were measured on a daily basis. Also, canola yield during 4 years after drainage systems were monitored.
Results and Discution: The results showed that mean discharge rates of drainage systems have increased with time and in the fourth year it was better than first and second years. Duringthe second year, the highest discharge rate onthe first day was in the low depth treatment and after 3 days the discharge rates become the difference among less. In the third year, the discharge rates of high spacing drains (D0.65 L30) have become higher than of spacing drains (D0.65 L15) discharge rates. But, in the first day its discharge rate was less and one can conclude that it is due to horizontal flow. With passing time and soil structure improvement, one can observe better yield from drains with higher spacing (30 m) also. By performance of drainage and soil conditions improvement in the third and fourth year, the deeper drainage systems have becomes better and water table fall of deep drain discharge rate and soil condition improvement in these systems become higher. In bi-level drainage, by increasing deep percolation, the water table fall in this treatment increased with time. Also, based on monitoring water table, in the first and second years after 5th day and in the third and fourth years after 4th day the water tables of deep drains decreased to lower depth drains. Due to heavy soil in paddy fields and existence of hardpan, the performance of low depth drains in falling water table was better in the first years. With passing time and performance of drainage the conditions for water movement in the soil become better and performance of deep drainage systems improved and at the fourth year, deep drainage systems had better performance in draining water with respect to low depth drainage systems. Also, canola yield as second cultivation, has increased from first to fourth year and along with important of soil aeration conditions and performance of drainage systems, the grain yield hasincreased in different drainage treatments. The results showed a direct relationship between improvement of system performance and increase in grain yield. In the second year, grain yield increased in all treatments. On the other hand, the yield under drainage systems with deeper depth (D0.9 L30) even higher in the 2nd and 4th years than with low depth drain (D0.65 L30). This was because of more fall in water table levels during days after rainfall and also with next rainfall, saturation of soil up to surface layer in the plots with deeper drains were performed later and it may not reach up to thesoil surface.
Conclusion: Due to betterconditions of deep drains and with higher spacing in the improvement of paddy field use and also less environmental harm use of drains with higher spacing are recommended for these lands. On the other hand,a low increase in drain depth from 0.65 m to 0.9 m along with increase in spacing of30 m with respect to 15 m and even with 0.65 m depth, will have less cost. Due to decrease in the costs of drain installation with higher spacing, due to improvement of conditions, the performance of these systems in 2 to 3 years one can have cheaper drainage systems in the longest time and will improve the economic situation of farmers due to higher yield.
M. Rezaee; A. Emadi; Q. Aqajani Mazandarani
Abstract
Introduction: Labyrinth weirs compare with straight weirs had required less freeboard in upstream so they are more appropriate for the irrigation networks. So they could maked more space to sotrage water and restrained foold with higher discharge. Labyrinths weirs have three generally form triangles, ...
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Introduction: Labyrinth weirs compare with straight weirs had required less freeboard in upstream so they are more appropriate for the irrigation networks. So they could maked more space to sotrage water and restrained foold with higher discharge. Labyrinths weirs have three generally form triangles, trapezoidal and rectangular that Tullis et al. (15) presented formula (3) for discharge coefficient of labyrinth weirs (triangles and rectangular) and a few studiescarried out on rectangular shape and its hydraulic characteristics are not specified.Therefore main aim of this paper study and characterized hydraulic characteristics of rectangular labyrinth weirs by using laboratory data.
Materials and Methods: In this study rectangular labyrinth weir discharge and coefficient discharge relationships used dimensional analysis and experiment on hydraulic modeling, constant coefficient was defined. Laboratory flume is shown in Figure 2 (0.5 m wide x 12 m long x 0.8 m deep). Models was made from clear plexiglass plate with 10 cm thickness thatcuted using leaserdevice and the crest manualy shaped quadrant with radius 10 cm, all models using silicon glue install in the flume. The upstream depth readership by point gauge that installed in upstream of models. Discharge calcutaed byupsterm depth of triangular weir that installed in down stream of flume.Data were analyzed by SPSS software and to compare relationships with each other used two parameter root mean square error and correlation coefficient and charts darw in Excel
Results and Discussion: discharge coefficient formula (11) carried out by using SPSS software that compared with formula (3). Results showed (Tables 2 and 3) that the correlation coefficient of formula (11) was more than a formula (3) and formula (11) RSME was less than formula (3) RSME except in first and fifth hydraulic model (rectengular1 and 5) that they were almost equal. So the formula (11) was more accurate than a formula (3) to peredict discharge of flow in flume. In previous step we used all data, we saw flourmloa (11) had more accurate then we diceded data divided in to three groups: high change, length change and all that calculated correlation coefficient and RSME for formula (11) to figure out which group have more accurate, results was brought in table 4. The result showed that constant coefficient of formula (11) yields from all data was useful for the design proposed. Plotted discharge changes against H/P for rectangular labyrinth and straight weirs in Figs. 3 and 4. In constant discharge and high with raising length weir, decreased depth of flow over the weir because the effective weir length was raised and the ratio of distributed length to apex length (b) was decreased. As well as in constant H/P and high weir with raising apex length, discharge was increased that similarity of the results of Tullis et al. (15) and Khode et al. (8). In length, and the ratio H / P constant with increasing height in the discharge coefficient due to submergence reduce local side Jt Hay reduce interference, but increases with increasing height from 0.20 to 0.25m m discharge coefficient decreases as flow rate and Weber number decreased as a result of the effect of surface tension and increased resistance to flow. In length, and the ratio H / P fixed amount of overflow discharge increases with increasing height as the ratio H / P value of the denominator increases and therefore increases the total height of the water upstream.For designoverflow rectangular labyrinth weirs recommends0.20 ≤H/P≤0.40that maximum aeration and discharge coefficient in this range is the result of Hay and Taylor (7) and Darvas (4) is consistent. In discharge and fixed weir height and maximum height of the water upstream directly at least equal to 1.8 of the overflow stright weirs. So for the areas where there is a height restriction of water upstream, the water level upstream of rectangular labyrinth weirs less direct overflow weirs requires the use of this is recommended.
Conclusion: The results showed the relationship (11) that uses most of effective parameters has more accurate results and proposed for design aim. In constant water head upstream discharge of labyrinth weir maximum 2.6 times more than straight weir discharge and in constant discharge water head upstream of straight weir 1.8 times more than upstream labyrinth weir water head so use a labyrinth weir appropriate for areas that have head and discharge restrictions. Best range of ratio H/P for of design was 0.20 to 0.40 and maxim coefficient discharge happened in this range.
A. Shahnazari; A. Ziatabar Ahmadi; Mirkhaleg Ziatabar Ahmadi; Gh. Aghajani
Abstract
The downward flow to the drain pipe, has a greater influence on the movement of soil particles toward drain envelope as compared with the horizontaland radialflow. In this study, by installing of a singular subsurface drainage systemconsisting of threedrain pipeswith drain spacing of 20 m and drain depth ...
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The downward flow to the drain pipe, has a greater influence on the movement of soil particles toward drain envelope as compared with the horizontaland radialflow. In this study, by installing of a singular subsurface drainage systemconsisting of threedrain pipeswith drain spacing of 20 m and drain depth of 1.5 m, in one hectare field of Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural ResourcesUniversity, the effects of the elimination of downward flow to the drain pipe was investigated on the water table level and drainage flow. Prevention of direct entry of the vertical flow into drain pipe was performed by placing a layer ofplastic coveron the sand envelope of themiddle drain pipe. Water table level fluctuations were measured in holes which were dug in each drain trench and at 0.5, 1.5, 5 and 10 m spacing apart from each drain at intervals of 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, and 55 meters from collector ditch. Water table depth and drain discharge were measured from April 21 to December 21, 2011. The average drainage discharge fromno plastic drain (drain A) was more than corresponding value for plastic covered drain pipe (drain B) about 12 % and there was a significant difference (p=0.05) between drainage water volume of drains A and B. The average depth of water table levels within the trench of drain A was 9.1 cm more than the corresponding water table depth of drain B. Also, the average depths ofwater table in the 0.5, 1.5, and 5 m spacing apart drain A were approximately 5.2, 2.9, and 0.05 m higher than of thosevalues of drain B. Sediment load of drain A was 74% more than that of drain B,indicating the considerable role of the inflow to drain from its upper part on the consequent sediment transport into drain pipes.
A. Shahnazari; Mirkhaleg Ziatabar Ahmadi; ghassem aghajani mazandarani
Abstract
Rice is the most important agricultural product in the world after wheat, and Iran has a special place in producing almost two million tones of rice per year. Considering the drought crisis and high consumption of water in paddy fields, it is useful to present strategies in order to increase irrigation ...
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Rice is the most important agricultural product in the world after wheat, and Iran has a special place in producing almost two million tones of rice per year. Considering the drought crisis and high consumption of water in paddy fields, it is useful to present strategies in order to increase irrigation efficiencies. In this respect, many paddy fields in Northern Province of Iran are Land Leveled. The effect of these fields on the Water Balance Parameters, water use efficiency and water productivity has been used in this study. This research has been carried out in Qaemshahr City, Mazandaran Province, comparing two traditional and leveled paddy fields measuring 1.9 and 5.67 hectares, respectively for early-ripening local Tarom species. The water discharge rates of input and output, with 3-inch Parshall Flumes were measured. Three lysimeters were tried in order to determine evapotranspiration and deep percolation. The results demonstrate that in traditional and leveled paddy fields, water use efficiencies turned to be 62.9 and 73%, water productivity of 0.476 and 0.575 kilogram per square meter, evapotranspiration of 468.2 and 477.5 mm, and deep percolation of 196.3 and 147.8 mm, respectively. Also, 25% reduction of deep percolation parameter was observed in land leveled condition which was due to hard pan creation and can be known as the most important factor of 10% increase in irrigation efficiency.