soheila Tofighi; J. M. Vali Samani; S. A. Ayyoubzadeh
Abstract
Introduction: Currently, large dams in the world, due to the high amount of sediments in the reservoir, especially around the intake, have operational problems. One of the solutions for this problem is pressure flushing. In this type of flushing, a mixture of water and sediment is removed from bottom ...
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Introduction: Currently, large dams in the world, due to the high amount of sediments in the reservoir, especially around the intake, have operational problems. One of the solutions for this problem is pressure flushing. In this type of flushing, a mixture of water and sediment is removed from bottom outlets form dam reservoir and a funnel shaped crater is created in the vicinity of the outlet opening. In laboratory experiments carried out in this study, pressure flushing with the expansion of bottom outlet within the reservoir and its statistical analysis of bursting events were investigated. The structure of the turbulent flow is not fully understood due to their complexity and random nature. Klein et al. Introduced the turbulence bursting in this kind of flow and Nezo and Nakagora suggested that the events resulting from turbulence bursting has a significant effect of transferring the sediment particles.
Materials and Methods: For the purposes of this study, the experiments were conducted with a physical model with 7m length, 1.4m width, and 1.5m height, consisting of three parts namely the inlet of the model, the main reservoir, and settling basin. The main reservoir of the model was 5m long and the sediments were placed within this part of the model. The sediment particles were non-cohesive silica with uniform size and with median diameter (d50) 1.15mm and geometrics standard deviation (σg) 1.37. Experiments carried out with different discharges and water depths above the bottom outlet in different expansion size of outlet channel in constant sediment level of 20cm above the center of the outlet channel. The model was slowly filled with water until the water surface elevation reached to a desired level. The bottom outlet was manually opened, after a while sedimentwere discharged with the water flow in very high concentrations through the outlet channel (sudden discharge) and a funnel shaped crater was formed in front of it. After the run of each experiment, the bed level of scouring was measured using laser meters, and the volume of flushing cone was calculated by Surfer software. For investigation of turbulence parameters, the measurement of flow velocity in 0.5cm from the bed of flushing cone in the central axis of the outlet channel in the flow rate of 3 liters per second and water level of 47.5cm for three expansion sizes of the outlet channel (10, 20, and 30cm) was performed. The flow velocity measurement was done using an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter. This device is capable of measuring instantaneous velocity in three directions.
Results and Discussion: The results indicated that the relative amount of bottom outlet channel expansion for 0.5, 1 and 1.5 times height of the sediments in the reservoir, leads to increase in flushing cone length for an average of 48, 83 and 113% and flushing cone volume for the average amount of 50, 74 and 96% compared to the case when the outlet channel is not developed. Also the analysis of the turbulence parameters showed that in the nearest axis to the inlet of the bottom outlet channel in which the maximum depth of flushing cone, the occurrence probability of sweep and ejection are maximum and impact angle of moment force due to these events is minimized. However the dominant event here is ejected which was also observed in laboratory experiments the particles were transferred into the channel as suspended load. By increasing the distance from the inlet opening of the channel the occurrence probability of sweep and ejection are decreased and impact angle of moment force due to these events is increased, but again, these two events are the dominant events in this regions and sweep is more important than ejection, that the observations also verify the particles transferred as bed load in these region. Ultimately, it comes to a region where the probabilities of all four events are the same and where the sediment flushing cone reaches the primary sedimentation level that scouring and sedimentation don’t take place there. By increasing the expansion size of the bottom outlet channel, the occurrence probability of sweep and ejections are increased and impact angle of moment force due to these events is decreased .So that at the place of the maximum depth of flushing cone, the probability of ejection in 10cm outlet channel is 0.39 and for 20 and 30cm outlet channels corresponds to 0.44 and 0.47, respectively .
Conclusions: In this study, the effect of expansion of bottom outlet channel within reservoir and its statistical analysis of bursting events was investigated. Results showed that, expansion of bottom outlet channel within the reservoir has positive and tangible effects on the size of the flushing cone and quadrant analysis of bursting events showed that the occurrence probability of sweep and ejection are greater than other events in the bed of flushing cone. Also with increasing in the expanding size of outlet channel, occurrence probability of dominant events is increasing and impact angle of turbulent force is decreasing. In fact it can be said that, the factors that cause increased dimensions of the flushing cone with the expansion of the bottom outlet channel within the reservoir are the increase of the occurrence probability of sweep and ejection events and decrease of impact angle of turbulent force to these events.
Malihesadat Jafari; Seyed Ali Ayyoubzadeh; Mahdi Esmaeilivaraki; Mohammad Rostami
Abstract
Introduction: Bridges are certainly one of the most important structures but costly service elements in a transport system. The bridges are very required to access the damaged areas in emergency situations such as floods and earthquakes. Scour around the foundations of bridge piers exposed to the flowing ...
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Introduction: Bridges are certainly one of the most important structures but costly service elements in a transport system. The bridges are very required to access the damaged areas in emergency situations such as floods and earthquakes. Scour around the foundations of bridge piers exposed to the flowing water than can destroy the bridge itself is a subject of major concern. Flow pattern is known as responsible for all changes in stream bed. Any obstacle in the channel can form new flow patterns causing additional shear stress exerted on the bed than the equilibrium condition of the absence of the obstacle. Appropriate shaping of flow pattern and proper selecting of pier geometry and the location of bridge piers can be one of the proper methods in reduction of scour amount which is the main subject of the present study.
Materials and Methods: Inclined bridge group pier is a type of bridges with modern geometry based on development in building technology of structures. Many of these bridges have been built all around the world and the 8th bridge built crossing the Karun River in Ahvaz is a sample of the Iranian ones considered in this research. Hydrodynamic behavior of flow is investigated around the inclined bridge group pier settled on foundation using the FLOW-3D numerical model. Inclined bridge group pier investigated in this study, includes two rectangular piers which are 2.5 cm long and 3.5 cm wide and set in an angle of 28 degree on rectangular foundation which is 16 cm long and 10 cm wide and installed in three different foundation levels namely at, above and below the bed levels. The physical model of prototype pier considered in this study was constructed to the scale of 1:190 of the Ahvaz 8th bridge. In order to verify the accuracy of the numerical model, velocity data obtained from image processing technique were used.
Results and Discussion: Due to non- linearity and interactions between various phenomena involved, flow pattern around the piers group is entirely different than that for a single pier and consequently the outcomes of the flow pattern around single pier cannot be generalized to the pier group. At all levels of foundation setting, longitudinal component of flow velocity increases surrounding the first pier. The increase in the area and its extension towards downstream is caused by the constriction the flow due to the pier and area rotating of the wake vortex in downstream. When the pier foundation is set at the stream bed, the bed rotating flows extend to a distance between the two piers from near the bed up to the middle of flow depth while in upstream of the second pier and near water surface, the stream lines become parallel to the bed. The comparison of the results of the changes in bed shear stress in the situations of foundation setting in different levels showed that the maximum shear stress occurred when the foundation level is at the bed level and the maximum shear stress exerted on the bed decreases by factors of 17% and 53% in the cases of foundation level to be below and above bed levels, respectively. In addition, the results showed that, the amount of vortex flows increased in upstream piers group and near bed in the case of setting the foundation above the bed. This is because of the fact that the volume of piers group acted as obstacle against flow was more than other level settings. Furthermore, based on the obtained results, in the case of foundation level is set at the bed, the quantity and development zone of vortex flow are much higher than those observed when the setting foundation is below the bed level. This can be attributed to the higher effect of the second pier on the flow pattern being between the first and the second piers. Stream lines turn downward in the range between piers group, and after the collision to bed turn upward to water surface and cause to form rotating flow and hence high turbulence intensity in the area. In the near water surface and the center of group piers, stream lines were observed to be parallel to the bed and caused low turbulence intensity in this area.
Conclusions: The results showed that the levels of setting foundation have a significant effect on hydrodynamic characteristics and flow pattern around the piers. By increasing the dimensionless height of the setting foundation from -1 to 0.5 vortices formed in the downstream piers group is strengthen more and the results from the numerical model are consistent with the results of experimental scour around piers group in all three levels of setting foundations. When the foundation setting is at the bed level, the maximum bed shear stress is observed. The maximum bed shear stress is decreased by factors of 17 and 53 percent when the foundation to be set below and above bed levels, respectively.
Sh. Keshtkar; S.A. Ayyoubzadeh; B. Firoozabadi
Abstract
Abstract
Study of turbidity current hydrodynamics plays an important role in increasing the economical life of dams though reduction in sediment accumulation. In the present experimental study, the effect of entrance densimetric Froude number of turbidity current in sub and super critical conditions ...
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Abstract
Study of turbidity current hydrodynamics plays an important role in increasing the economical life of dams though reduction in sediment accumulation. In the present experimental study, the effect of entrance densimetric Froude number of turbidity current in sub and super critical conditions (Fr =0.6-3.5) have been tested through effect of channel slope and change related to opening height of entrance gate on vertical distribution of flow velocity and currents' thickness under two dimensional flow conditions. The experiments were run in a 12 m-long by 0.2 m-wide by 0.5 m-high channel. Kaolin with the specific gravity of 2.65 and the mean particle diameter, D50, equal to 4.5 μm, was used as the cohesive suspended material. The results show that due to increasing in Froude number of entrance flow, the thickness of the turbidity current was increased while the layer-averaged velocity was decreased in the longitudinal direction. When the inlet densimetric Froude number reaches 0.7, the turbidity current tends to reach to a stable condition. Also the results show that the equivalent height of average velocity is about 0.8 times of the depth-averaged thickness of the current.
Keywords: Experimental Study, Vertical Velocity Distribution, Currents' Thickness, Turbidity Current
