Leila Bakhshandehmehr; Mohammad Reza Yazdani; Ali-Asghar Zolfaghari
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, due to the reduction in surface water, utilization of groundwater has been increased to meet the growing demand of irrigation water. The quality of these water resources is continually changing, due to the geological formations, the amount of utilization, and climatic parameters. ...
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Introduction: In recent years, due to the reduction in surface water, utilization of groundwater has been increased to meet the growing demand of irrigation water. The quality of these water resources is continually changing, due to the geological formations, the amount of utilization, and climatic parameters. In many developing countries, the irrigation water is obtained from poor quality groundwater resources, which in turn, creates unfavorable circumstances for plant growth and reduces the agricultural yield. Providing adequate water resources for agricultural utilization is one of the most important steps needed to achieve the developmental targets of sustainable agriculture. Thus, this necessitates the assessment and evaluation of the quality of irrigation water. There are many proposed methods to determine the suitability of water for different applications, such as Piper, Wilcox, and Schoeller diagrams. Zoning of quality and suitability of irrigation water could represent the prone and critical areas to groundwater exploitation. Garmsar alluvial fan is one of the most sensitive areas in the country where traditional agriculture practices had turned into modern techniques and excessive exploitation of groundwater has caused an intensepressure on aquifers and increased water salinity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for irrigation in a 10-year period (2002-2012) and its changes in this basin.
Materials and Methods: Garmsar alluvial fan is located in the North-West of Semnan Province. Semnan is situated in the Southern hillside of the Alborz Mountains, in North of Iran. The study area includes the agricultural land on this alluvial fan and covers over 3750 hectares of this basin. In order to evaluate the quality of groundwater in this area, the electrical conductivity and sodium absorption ratio of 42 sample wells were calculated. The raster maps of these indicators were obtained using Geo-statistical techniques. The suitability of irrigation water was determined by Wilcox diagram. Upon evaluating the data distribution and testing the data from Klomogrov-Smirnov normality test, normalization of the data was performed in SPSS software. Spatial correlation and spatial structure of variables were analyzed by drawing their semi-variograms in GS+ software. The most accurate variogram model was selected according to the lowest Residual Sums of Squares (RSS) and the highest correlation coefficient (R2). Interpolation and zoning of the indicators were performed in ArcGIS software and the Quality classes were determined.
Results and Discussion: According to the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, none of the data series had normal distribution. Therefore, they were normalized through calculating the logarithm of variables. Fitting and the selection of variograms were performed in GS+ software and after the calculation of errors, kriging method with Guassian model was determined as the best fitting model. The correlation coefficient was 0.896 for electrical conductivity and 0.99 for sodium absorption ratio. Interpolation of indicators in ArcGIS implied fewer measurements of these indicators in north of the study area (Hableh-Rood inlet). The maximum measurement of indicators was observed on the western edge of the alluvial fan. In total, the values of both electrical conductivity and a sodium absorption ratio indicators in the western half of the area, in the vicinity of the third period domes, were more than the eastern half. The result of the water classification using Wilcox diagram represented the unsuitability of groundwater for irrigation in all of the study area. The area with unusable groundwater for irrigation has increased over the 2005 – 2009 period.
Conclusion: In this study, relying on the use of GIS and Geo-statistical methods, the quality of Garmsar basin groundwater has been evaluated. The electrical conductivity was applied to monitor water salinity, and Sodium absorption ratio was used to monitor alkalinity. The interpolation of these indicators was performed by Kriging method and Guassian fitting model. Likewise, in other studies, the Kriging method was introduced as an appropriate method for the interpolation of chemical parameters of the groundwater. The accuracy of various fitting models in the prediction of interpolated values differed according to the number and the distribution of sample points. In the current study, the Guassian fitting model was determined as the best model to interpolate both of the indicators. According to the maps, it seems that the third period domes in the western margin of the study area have a great influence on the quality of Garmsar’s surface water and groundwater. In total, the groundwater of Garmsar basin didn’t poss high suitability for irrigation, and was classified into two unsuitable and unusable classes. Moreover, according to the maps, the maximum area of unusable groundwater for irrigation in the area was observed in 2008.
A.A. Zolfaghari; Mehdi Shorafa; M.H. Mohammadi; A. Liaghat; A. Hoorfar; manoochehr gorji
Abstract
Quantitative knowledge of soil hydraulic properties such as the soil moisture characteristics curve (SMC) is crucial for flow and transport modeling supporting hydrologic and agricultural engineering. However, many laboratory and field methods are currently available for direct measurement of the soil ...
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Quantitative knowledge of soil hydraulic properties such as the soil moisture characteristics curve (SMC) is crucial for flow and transport modeling supporting hydrologic and agricultural engineering. However, many laboratory and field methods are currently available for direct measurement of the soil hydraulic properties but, most or all of direct methods are too time consuming and costly. Thus developing of physically-based methods for predicting SMC is essential. In this study, an analytical method was developed to estimate Brooks-Cory model parameters using horizontal infiltration data. The new method was compared with Wang et al (2002) method. Sixteen soils with wide range of hydraulic properties were used to test the new method. The results showed that the new method estimates n and hd parameters smaller than those experimental values. Although, results showed that the new method properly predicts the measured SMC data. High coefficient of determination (R2=0.93) and low root mean square error (RMSE =0.03) confirmed the accurate predictability of new method. Mean RMSE of Wang et al (2002) method was 0.049. Therefore, results indicated that the new method is more accurate than Wang et al (2002) method for predicting soil moisture characteristics curve. The sensitivity analysis indicated that, for a given soil, the accurately estimation of SMC depends mainly on sorptivity parameter.
A.A. Zolfaghari; M.A. Hajabbasi
Abstract
Abstract
Converting the forests and pastures to cultivated land results in loss of soil organic matter, deteriorating the soil structure, lowering hydraulic conductivity and increasing soil bulk density, which all cause increase in surface runoff and soil erosion. One of the soil physical properties ...
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Abstract
Converting the forests and pastures to cultivated land results in loss of soil organic matter, deteriorating the soil structure, lowering hydraulic conductivity and increasing soil bulk density, which all cause increase in surface runoff and soil erosion. One of the soil physical properties which intensify runoff is soil water repellency. To examine the effects of land use change on water repellency, soil samples were taken from two areas of central Zagros (e.g. pasture in Fereydunshar and forest in Lurdegan). In each area two different land uses were selected. One under cultivation and the other was unaltered and for each land use three sites were randomly selected. The effects of organic matter and soil water content on water repellency were investigated during January and July. The degree of water repellency of a soil was measured by using the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test. There was a strong relationship between soil water repellency and percentage organic matter in surface soils under forested areas. In January when the soil water content was between 18 to 22%, no actual water repellency was found in the forest. However, in July the water drop penetration time in sites 1, 2 and 3 in the 5 cm of the top soil was 130, 50 and 150 second, respectively, when the soil water content was only 5%. No soil water repellency was found in cultivated forest and pasture (cultivated pasture and undisturbed pasture). Changes in land use induced negative effects on water repellency. In this study, changing forest to cultivated land decreased organic matter content; mean weight diameter of soil aggregates, total porosity and hydraulic conductivity by 23, 55, 11 and 40%, respectively. Changing pasture to cultivated land decreased organic matter content; mean weight diameter and total porosity by 22, 40 and 9%, respectively. Changing forest and pasture to cultivated land increased bulk density of soil by 7 and 6%, respectively.
Key words: Changing land use, pasture, forest, water repellency
