F. Koorosh Vahid; K. Esmaili; M. Faghfur Maghrebi; A. Alizadeh; B. Naghavi
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom intake is one of the most appropriate systems for diverting discharge in steep rivers. Bottom intake with porous media is a new system of diverting discharge which can be replaced by bottom rack intakes. To investigate the hydraulic flow characteristics on diverted discharge of this ...
Read More
Abstract
Bottom intake is one of the most appropriate systems for diverting discharge in steep rivers. Bottom intake with porous media is a new system of diverting discharge which can be replaced by bottom rack intakes. To investigate the hydraulic flow characteristics on diverted discharge of this intake, an experimental model was designed in which the inflow, diverted discharge and remained flow of porous media intake can be measured. In the present research, measurements of the diverted discharge were performed for different rates of flow, grain size distributions as well as surface slopes of intake with clear water. According to the obtained results, by increasing the inflow discharge, the rate of diverted discharge increases gradually and then reaches to a constant value. Any increment of the surface slope above the intake also decrease the relation diverted flow. It is found that the grain size of the porous media has a great influence on the diverted flow. By increasing the grain size diverted flow increases, too. Dimensional analysis and experimental results were used to estimate the discharge coefficient of porous media. Analytical analysis on experimental data shows that the discharge coefficient of porous media intake is about 0.1. Also an empirical-theoretical relation is proposed to evaluate the diverted discharge of this kind of bottom intakes.
Keywords: Bottom intake, Porous media, Discharge coefficient, Free surface flow
K. Esmaili; B. Naghavi; F. Koorosh Vahid; J. Yazdi
Abstract
Abstract
Weirs are the most common structures for discharge measurement in engineering research. Streamline curvature, non hydrostatic pressure distribution on weir and nappe adherence to the weir lead to differences between calculated and measured discharges. Thus discharge coefficient, which is the ...
Read More
Abstract
Weirs are the most common structures for discharge measurement in engineering research. Streamline curvature, non hydrostatic pressure distribution on weir and nappe adherence to the weir lead to differences between calculated and measured discharges. Thus discharge coefficient, which is the ratio of real and theoretic discharges, is usually less than unity. In circular weirs the pressure distribution and velocity differs from sharp crested weirs which affect on flow discharge and extend the discharge coefficient more than unity. In this study, pressure distribution and velocity of different circular weir measured in laboratory models and compared with Fluent simulation as a numerical code. The results showed significant relation between measured and simulated data. Also it is found that the critical flow depth and separated flow are located respectively before and after the crest of weir. Nappe separation depends on overflow discharge and will shift to the downstream face of the cylinder in high discharges. To recognize the location of critical flow conditions and nappe separations, theoretical formulations has is proposed. The equations are found to be dependent on weir size and inflow conditions. The theoretical predictions showed good agreement in comparison with experimental results.
Keywords: Circular weir, Velocity and pressure distribution, Nappe separation, Critical depth, Fluent
B. Naghavi; M. Faghfour Maghrebi; K. Esmaili; S.R. Khodshenas; F. Koorosh Vahid
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most appropriate structures for diverting water in steep rivers. The problems of corrosion, deformity and clogging of the bottom racks in long term, inspires a new system of bottom intake in which a filled trench of porous media is replaced by the bottom racks. ...
Read More
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most appropriate structures for diverting water in steep rivers. The problems of corrosion, deformity and clogging of the bottom racks in long term, inspires a new system of bottom intake in which a filled trench of porous media is replaced by the bottom racks. Diversion of a specified amount of discharge through the porous media when void space in the granular material are filled with fine sediment in comparison to the bottom racks, requires much larger structure. However, for the new system of water intake, lower cost of construction and maintenance and higher compatibility with the river morphology in long term are considered as major advantages. The present research deals with an experimental model with two-storey channel, the lower one is used to divert water through the porous media and the upper one is used to convey the remained flow. Measurements of the diverted discharge were performed for different rates of flow, grain size distributions as well as surface slopes of intake with clear water and sediment flow. The influence of clogging phenomena on diverted discharge is also examined. The experimental results show that the effect of clogging in sediment flow in comparison to the clear water is decreased as the surface slope of the porous media is increased. It is revealed that the discharge coefficient of bottom intake when clear water is passed through the channel is varied in the range of 0.06 to 0.13. When sediment flow is passed over the bottom intake, due to clogging phenomena discharge coefficient is reduced up to 5 to 35% in comparison to the clear water. Experimental equations prepared for the discharge coefficients show that the significant factors affecting the efficiency of the water intakes are grain size distribution and surface slope of the bottom intake. The results show that the discharge coefficients for the water intake with the clear water and sediment flow when the above mentioned factors are selected appropriately are close to each other.
Key words: Bottom intake, Porous media, Discharge coefficient, Clear water flow, Sediment flow, Clogging
B. Naghavi; S.R. Khodshenas; M. Faghfour Maghrebi; K. Esmaili; F. Koorosh Vahid
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction ...
Read More
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction of diverted discharge are the most important problems in this new system, too. In this paper, the effects of different media grain size, longitudinal slope, sediment grain size and flow discharge are investigated. Results show that despite of clogging role of suspended sediments in porous media, using appropriate grain size and slope for the porous media, would attenuate the side effects of the problem. Compare with clear water flow, the discharge reduction induced by clogging is not significant and efficiency of system in long time and no operation effort are confirmed. To recognize the effective parameters on infiltration resistance in porous medium intake an empirical theoretical formulation has been diverted from the Darcy’s law in surface infiltration. The equation is found to be dependent on size ratio, Reynolds number and hydraulic gradient. The theoretical predictions have been compared with experimental results, with good agreement.
Key words: Bottom intake, Porous media, clogging, Discharge reduction, Infiltration resistance
