S. Khalife; S.A. Esmaili; K. Esmaili; S.R. Khodashenas
Abstract
Introduction: Flood is a natural phenomenon that can cause numerous financial and life casualties in civil, industrial, and agricultural areas. Therefore, knowing its characteristics such as its peak during a period and in different places of the river is of the utmost importance. In general, forecasting ...
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Introduction: Flood is a natural phenomenon that can cause numerous financial and life casualties in civil, industrial, and agricultural areas. Therefore, knowing its characteristics such as its peak during a period and in different places of the river is of the utmost importance. In general, forecasting these characteristics and changes in depth and flow in the river could be done using the flood routing methods. Flood routing is one of the most important issues in water engineering projects. Hydrologic routing is common particularly in braided rivers and rivers with the lack of mid-basin data. To do that, there is a need to perform cross-sections and determine the river slope in every region. The Muskingum method is frequently used to route floods in the hydrology literature. The implementation of metaheuristic algorithm methods has shown satisfactory results in this regard. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the efficiency of the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) in estimating the optimal parameter estimation of the Non-linear Muskingum model.
Materials and Methods: This study evaluated the performance of Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) algorithm in estimating the optimum parameters of the Muskingum Non-linear model. To investigate the research’s findings desirability, the results of the Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) were compared to the results of otherMeta-Heuristic methods including the Genetic Algorithm (GA), the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and the Imperialist Competitive Algorithm (ICA). Meta-heuristics sample is a set of solutions which are too large to be completely sampled. Meta-heuristics may make few assumptions about the optimization problem being solved, and they may, therefore, be usable for a variety of problems. SOS algorithm simulates the interactions between two species in a way that one species seeks to find the most suitable. SOS algorithm starts with an initial population called ecosystem. In the early stages of ecosystem, a group of organisms (decision variable) are randomly generated in the search space. Each organism is a candidate for a solution that corresponds to a certain degree of fit, representing the degree of conformity with the intended purpose (amount of objective function). This algorithm uses a new solution by mimicking the biological interaction between the two species in the ecosystem. Three distinct phases (cross-use), commensalism, and parasitic, similar to the biological interaction model in the real world, are introduced. Each interaction is defined based on the type of interaction. In this way, the two-way profit represents the cooperation phase, the one-way profit represents the commensalism phase, and the one-way profit and the other side losses represent the parasitic phase. In all phases, each is being interacted randomly with the other. This process continues until the process is completed (reaching the maximum number of iterations). In this research, the Kardeh River in Khorasan Razavi province was chosen as a real instance and Wilson River as a previous instance (1974), to investigate the performance of algorithms used in the non-linear Muskingum equation in the flood routing model. In this study, minimizing the sum of squares (SSQ) between the volume of real and routed outputs was considered as an objective function to evaluate the optimum parameters of K, X, and m in the non-linear Muskingum equation. The obtained optimum parameters from algorithms for both rivers showed that the SOS, PSO, and ICA algorithms could approximate the SSQ to optimal value and all meta-heuristic algorithms could route the output flood as well.
Results and Discussion: The SSQ algorithm results for the rivers showed the minimization of the sum of squares (SSQ) which MSE was equal to 5.85 and SSQ was equal to 128.78 for the Wilson River, and MSE was equal to 0.505 and SSQ was equal to 4.55 and had better functionality than the GA algorithms same as the PSO and ICA algorithms. The meta-Heuristic methods were from solutions which succeeded to estimate these parameters. In this study, the novel Symbiotic Organisms Search (SOS) was used to estimate the non-linear Muskingum model parameters. The observational data of two river studies of Kardeh and Wilson Rivers were employed. The results of SOS implementation were compared to other meta-heuristic algorithms such as GA, PSO, and ICA to investigate the SOS functionality. In this research, firstly, the experimental example used by the researchers was investigated to survey the optimum Non-linear Muskingum flood routing model parameters. The results showed the SOS precise estimation was comparable to the previous methods. According to the results, the SSQ was improved by using the objective functions as compared to the other reported algorithms at a rate of 7% in GA, and 0.004% in ICA. In the second experimental river, which is a real flood routing, estimated statistical parameters for the Kardeh River were 0.5059 for MSE and 4.5528 for SSQ in the SOS algorithm. This shows that the appropriate functionality of the Symbiotic Organisms Search algorithm in estimating the optimum Non-linear Muskingum flood routing model parameters. Finally, this research work highlights the SOS ability to optimize the Muskingum model parameters.
Conclusion: In the SSQ flood stream, SOS showed good performance, such as the PSO and ICA algorithms. In this regard, SOS was 13% better than the GA in the objective function SSQ and MSE, and improved the objective function SSQ and MSE by 0.002 and 4%, respectively, in respect to the PSO and ICA. This denotes the appropriate functionality of the Symbiotic Organisms Search algorithm in estimating the optimum non-linear Muskingum flood routing model parameters. The findings indicate the SOS ability to optimize the Muskingum model parameters. Therefore, using the SOS in flood routing with the Muskingum model is recommendable.
mahsa noori; Saeed Reza Khodshenas; H. Rezaeepajand
Abstract
Introduction: Dam failure and its flooding is one of the destructive phenomena today. Therefore, estimating the peak outflow (QP) with reasonable accuracy and determining the related flood zone can reduce risks. Qp of dam failure depends on important factors such as: depth above breach (Hw), volume ...
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Introduction: Dam failure and its flooding is one of the destructive phenomena today. Therefore, estimating the peak outflow (QP) with reasonable accuracy and determining the related flood zone can reduce risks. Qp of dam failure depends on important factors such as: depth above breach (Hw), volume of water above breach bottom at failure (Vw), reservoir surface area (A), storage (S) and dam height (Hd). Various researchers have proposed equations to estimate QP. They used the regression method to obtain an appropriate equation. Regression is a mathematical technique that requires initial test and diagnosis. These researchers present a new regression model for a better estimation of Qp.
Materials and Methods: The data used in this study are related to 140 broken dams in the world for 34 of which sufficient data are available for analysis. Dam failure phenomenon is a rapidly varied unsteady flow that is explained by shallow waters equations. The equations in the one-dimensional form are known as Saint-Venant equations and are based on hydrostatic pressure distribution and uniform flow under rectangular steep assumption. Although hydraulic methods to predict the dam failure flood have been developed by different software, due to the complex nature of the problem and the impossibility of considering all parameters in hydraulic analysis, statistical methods have been developed in this field. Statistical methods determine the equations that can approximate the required factors from the observed parameters. Multiple regression is a useful technique to model effective parameters in Qp, which can examine the statistical aspects of the model. This work is done by different tests, such as the model coefficients necessity test, analysis of variance table and it creates confidence intervals. Data analysis in this paper is done by SPSS 16 software. This software can provide fit model, various characteristics and related tests in the Tables.
Results and Discussion:This paper proposes a new relationship with better estimation of discharge peak (Qp) based on Hw and Vw factors. Results showed how to choose the appropriate model (fitting the model) and the initial required tests, according to the diagnostic model. And it compares the estimated error (relative efficiency) of the researchers’ models with the proposed models. The number of models can be classified to three convenient linear, multiplicative and transformed bases on Vw, Hw and Qp (nonlinear terms Qp). The best models for each of the three models were selected. Their corrected determination coefficients (Adj R2) are close together and are between 0.86 until 0.864. The relative efficiency criteria based on the root mean square error (RMSE) was used to determine the best model. This standard was also used for other researchers’ models. RMSE of the three models presented in this article is lower than that of other models (from 745 to 759). Diagnostics analysis of the three models is not possible due to the large volume, so some statistical analysis for the model 2 are presented in detail. The results are given in the following Tables. Test level has been assumed to be 5%. From the point view of hydraulics, it can be said that the final equation for Qp should be proportional to Hw 1.5. So although the model (2) has the lowest RMSE, but the model (3) of the hydraulics viewpoint seems more logical and its RMSE is not very different from the model (2), so this model can be selected as the best model. Figure 1 show diagnostics diagrams of model (3). The right Figure shows the homogeneity of residuals (follow the normal law) as a histogram. This homogeneity is confirmed by the crouch graph (center Figure). The left graph shows the stabilization of residual variance. According to the preliminary and diagnostics tests results, the model (3) has been selected. Its determination coefficient (0.864) also shows good strength.
Table 1- Top models presented in this research
Model1
Model2
Model3
,
Note:
Table 2- Statistical characteristics of the proposed models
model Adjusted R Square Durbin
Watson F VIF Std.
Residual Cook's Distance Centered Leverage
1 0.862 1.716 104.383 1.283 [-1.975 , 2.908] [ 0,0.569] [0,0.363]
2 0.860 1.744 102.545 1.283 [-1.824 , 2.834] [0,0.608] [0,0.363]
3 0.864 1.687 211.048 1 [-2.202 , 2.699] [0,0.527] [0,0.335]
Figure 1- Model 3 diagnostics pattern diagrams: histogram (right), crouch diagram (middle) the estimated residuals (left)
Conclusion: In this study, data from 140 broken dams were used to provide an appropriate model for estimating the peak outflow of dam failure. Standard statistical principles including preliminary tests, diagnostic and the efficiency of the models are the innovations of this paper. Analysis showed that the three models are competitive, and that the best of them was selected. The determined coefficient of these models was from 0.86 to 0.864 ranges. Relative efficiency was calculated by the RMSE index. The results showed that these models are more accurate than the models presented by other researchers. The model (3) was presented in this research, the best result was estimated for Qp and its error was less than the other models.
Ashkan Alebouyeh; Saeed Reza Khodshenas
Abstract
Flash flood is due to rapid precipitation in arid and semi-arid areas. This flood is example of unsteady flow which has hydrograph with little time duration and high discharge. Investigation behavior of these floods is very important on sediment transport and characteristics streams. In this research ...
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Flash flood is due to rapid precipitation in arid and semi-arid areas. This flood is example of unsteady flow which has hydrograph with little time duration and high discharge. Investigation behavior of these floods is very important on sediment transport and characteristics streams. In this research evaluated the effect of flash floods on bed load transported to downstream. The input hydrographs are symmetric and Asymmetric triangles. Time duration of hydrograph was selected 90 second and constant and the maximum discharge were changed 6.58 to 16.18 l/s. The median size of particles is 2.5 mm; three bed slopes 0.005, 0.01 and 0.02 were select in these experiments. The results show that a temporal lag was found between the flow hydrographs peak and the sediment hydrograph peak. The temporal lag was found to be about equal to 5 - 11% of flow hydrograph duration. Also bed slope and maximum discharge of hydrograph are effect on upstream erosion and transportation of sediment to downstream. Since increases the bed slope from 0.005 to 0.01 increased 50% bed load transported and with two times the slope it show increase 400% in bed load transported. Bed load transported to downstream with symmetric triangle hydrographs more than symmetric triangle hydrograph.
neda yousefi; Saeed Reza Khodshenas
Abstract
Predicting behavior and the geometry of the channels and alluvial rivers in which the erosion and sediment transport are in equilibrium is one of the most important topics in river engineering. Various researchers have proposed empirical equations to estimate stable river width (W). Empirical equations ...
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Predicting behavior and the geometry of the channels and alluvial rivers in which the erosion and sediment transport are in equilibrium is one of the most important topics in river engineering. Various researchers have proposed empirical equations to estimate stable river width (W). Empirical equations were tested with a comprehensive available data set consisting of 1644 points collected from 29 stable rivers. Moreover, these equations are compared with new model in this article for estimating W. The data set covers a wide range of flow conditions, river geometry, and bed sediments. These data set is classified in two groups (W
A.R. Gheisi; A.N. Ziaei; Saeed Reza Khodshenas
Abstract
Damage or failure is an inevitable event which should be considered in all decisions taken at planning-, design-, operation- and maintenance-level for a water distribution network (WDN). So far several studies are conducted about reliability analysis in literature, but very little attention is paid to ...
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Damage or failure is an inevitable event which should be considered in all decisions taken at planning-, design-, operation- and maintenance-level for a water distribution network (WDN). So far several studies are conducted about reliability analysis in literature, but very little attention is paid to the damage tolerance analysis (DTA) of WDNs with different orders of failures. This may be due to the heavy and extremely time consuming computational workloads commonly required for DTA. In this study required relationships for DTA of WDNs with different orders of failure are derived. Additionally some equations are proposed to estimate the possible errors in these relationships. Then an attempt was made to evaluate the damage tolerance of sixteen designs of a hypothetical WDN with different orders of failure. The results indicate that application of the proposed equations of this study could significantly prevent redundant and unnecessary hydraulic simulations which may complicate the DTA of WDNs. Moreover the results reveal that the tolerance of the WDN to various orders of failures gradually decreases by decreasing the diameters of pipes. Comparing the damage tolerance of a network with different orders of failure, one could estimate the sensitivity of a WDN to simultaneous failures.
R. Mansouri; K. Esmaili; A.N. Ziaei; Hossein Ansari; S. R. Khodashenas
Abstract
In arid and semi-arid regions, collection of surface and subsurface waters in small seasonal rivers is very crucial, particularly in dry seasons. The cost of construction and maintenance of classical water intakes makes them inappropriate for these rivers. In this study a rather new method to divert ...
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In arid and semi-arid regions, collection of surface and subsurface waters in small seasonal rivers is very crucial, particularly in dry seasons. The cost of construction and maintenance of classical water intakes makes them inappropriate for these rivers. In this study a rather new method to divert surface and subsurface water is experimentally evaluated. In this kind of intakes, a couple of trenches are excavated and the drain pipes are installed in them and then filled with very porous materials. Indeed the system acts as a river drainage network. This method not only reduces the construction and maintenance costs but also minimize the disturbance of river topology and morphology. Therefore this intake is also suitable for rivers with high sedimentary loads. In a few small rivers in Khorasan Razavi province, Islamic republic of Iran, such systems have been installed but their design and applicability have not been evaluated. In this research, experimental model of the intake to collect flow was built for flow diversion and flow rate deviation examined. Results showed a direct relationship between flow diversion with water level and with increasing distance between the drainages, the drainage flow increases. Drainage flow in the porous medium is initially decreased and then increased and drainage flow is the lowest in the middle drainage. In the review drainage arrange, the drainage of two deep with shorter porous medium is more suitable. Finally, regression mathematical model for the structural design of the intake subsurface with porous medium and drainage system were presented.
B. Naghavi; M. Faghfour Maghrebi; K. Esmaili; S.R. Khodshenas; F. Koorosh Vahid
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most appropriate structures for diverting water in steep rivers. The problems of corrosion, deformity and clogging of the bottom racks in long term, inspires a new system of bottom intake in which a filled trench of porous media is replaced by the bottom racks. ...
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Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most appropriate structures for diverting water in steep rivers. The problems of corrosion, deformity and clogging of the bottom racks in long term, inspires a new system of bottom intake in which a filled trench of porous media is replaced by the bottom racks. Diversion of a specified amount of discharge through the porous media when void space in the granular material are filled with fine sediment in comparison to the bottom racks, requires much larger structure. However, for the new system of water intake, lower cost of construction and maintenance and higher compatibility with the river morphology in long term are considered as major advantages. The present research deals with an experimental model with two-storey channel, the lower one is used to divert water through the porous media and the upper one is used to convey the remained flow. Measurements of the diverted discharge were performed for different rates of flow, grain size distributions as well as surface slopes of intake with clear water and sediment flow. The influence of clogging phenomena on diverted discharge is also examined. The experimental results show that the effect of clogging in sediment flow in comparison to the clear water is decreased as the surface slope of the porous media is increased. It is revealed that the discharge coefficient of bottom intake when clear water is passed through the channel is varied in the range of 0.06 to 0.13. When sediment flow is passed over the bottom intake, due to clogging phenomena discharge coefficient is reduced up to 5 to 35% in comparison to the clear water. Experimental equations prepared for the discharge coefficients show that the significant factors affecting the efficiency of the water intakes are grain size distribution and surface slope of the bottom intake. The results show that the discharge coefficients for the water intake with the clear water and sediment flow when the above mentioned factors are selected appropriately are close to each other.
Key words: Bottom intake, Porous media, Discharge coefficient, Clear water flow, Sediment flow, Clogging
B. Naghavi; S.R. Khodshenas; M. Faghfour Maghrebi; K. Esmaili; F. Koorosh Vahid
Abstract
Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction ...
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Abstract
Bottom rack intake is one of the most popular structures used for diverting water in mountain region. Corrosion and rotten problems of bottom racks inspire the introduction of a new system of bottom intake in which a porous media is replaced by the bottom rack. Obviously, clogging and reduction of diverted discharge are the most important problems in this new system, too. In this paper, the effects of different media grain size, longitudinal slope, sediment grain size and flow discharge are investigated. Results show that despite of clogging role of suspended sediments in porous media, using appropriate grain size and slope for the porous media, would attenuate the side effects of the problem. Compare with clear water flow, the discharge reduction induced by clogging is not significant and efficiency of system in long time and no operation effort are confirmed. To recognize the effective parameters on infiltration resistance in porous medium intake an empirical theoretical formulation has been diverted from the Darcy’s law in surface infiltration. The equation is found to be dependent on size ratio, Reynolds number and hydraulic gradient. The theoretical predictions have been compared with experimental results, with good agreement.
Key words: Bottom intake, Porous media, clogging, Discharge reduction, Infiltration resistance
M. Khayami; Sh. Danesh; S.R. Khodshenas; K. Davary
Abstract
Abstract
In this research the thermal stratification of the water in the Torogh Dam Basin and the resulted changes in its quality with respect to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen was investigated using the Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model. The results indicated that in wet years such as ...
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Abstract
In this research the thermal stratification of the water in the Torogh Dam Basin and the resulted changes in its quality with respect to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen was investigated using the Dynamic Reservoir Simulation Model. The results indicated that in wet years such as 1998, when the average annual precipitation and the resulted inflows to the basin is higher than its long-term average, the water level in the basin reaches above 50 m. Under such conditions, thermal stratification starts from mid-spring and lasts to the end of summer, and establishes through the total depth of the basin. Consequently, considerable changes in water quality occur through the depth. However in dry years such as year 2000, the water level in the basin diminishes considerably (16 to 20m in depth) and thermal stratification either does not establish or if establishes, it is incomplete, starts much earlier and persists for much shorter periods of time. On the basis of the model’s results, the differences observed in the average temperatures of the surface and deep layers of the basin during the spring and summer seasons of 1998 were 10◦C and 11◦C, respectively while in the spring of 2002, the observed difference was only 1.5◦C. The results of the study also showed concurrent occurrence of salinity stratification with thermal stratification which results in increase in salinity with increase in depth. The difference between salt concentration of the surface and deep water layers of the basin was observed to be 43 mg/lit in the spring of 1998 and 10 mg/lit for the summer of the same year. In regard to the dissolved oxygen concentration, the simulation results showed a difference in the range of 0 to 9 mg/lit between the surface and deep water layers. With the start of stratification, oxygen concentration decreases gradually with depth., such that in July the lowest 10m layer of the basin becomes completely anaerobic, providing conditions for production of undesired odors, tastes and color. During the period of 1998 to 2004 (period of data analysis and simulation run), the water quality of the basin was observed to be uniform in autumn and winter months indicating a complete mixing condition in the basin.
Key Words: Water Quality Models, Thermal Stratification, Water Salinity, Dissolved Oxygen, Dam’s Basin.
S.R. Khodshenas; B. Ghahraman; K. Davary; H. Nazerian
Abstract
Abstract
Sediment load-discharge data of hydrometric stations in the north of Great Khorasan province were studied. Twenty nine stations were selected and the mean annual sediment yield was computed using sediment rating curves. The total annual sediment yield for these catchments (61.5 to 16800 km2) ...
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Abstract
Sediment load-discharge data of hydrometric stations in the north of Great Khorasan province were studied. Twenty nine stations were selected and the mean annual sediment yield was computed using sediment rating curves. The total annual sediment yield for these catchments (61.5 to 16800 km2) varied between 4.8 to 19500 M ton/year and the specific sediment yield varied between 62 to about 4000 ton/year/km2. Due to large variations in the total and specific sediment yield, 29 selected catchments were divided in two groups: 17 large catchments (area>500 km2) and 12 smaller ones (area
