Hossain Shohab Arkhazloo; H. Emami; Gholam Hosain Haghnian; Abazar Esmali
Abstract
Introduction: Gully erosion is an important type of soil erosion in Iran and Ardebil province (Moghimi and Salami, 2011; Khatibi, 2006). Increasing the cross section of gullies is an indicator for gully developing (Deng et al, 2015). Topography and soil properties are two important factors in gully developing ...
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Introduction: Gully erosion is an important type of soil erosion in Iran and Ardebil province (Moghimi and Salami, 2011; Khatibi, 2006). Increasing the cross section of gullies is an indicator for gully developing (Deng et al, 2015). Topography and soil properties are two important factors in gully developing in various regions of worldwide (Poesena et al, 2003). Despite the importance of soil properties in gully erosion, the direct effect of these agents was less investigated and few researches have been carried out to the effect of physical and mechanical soil properties on gully erosion. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to determine 1) the effect of topography on gully erosion, 2) effect of surface and subsurface soil physical and mechanical properties on increasing the cross section of gullies and 3) to select the most important soil properties affect developing the cross section of gullies in three regions of Ardebil province (Ortadagh, Molla Ahmad, and Sarcham). In addition, the relationship between the most soil properties and topographic agents was investigated
Materials and Methods: The effect of topography on gully erosion was investigated by using of two methods i.e. topographic threshold of gully forming (as , where A and S is gully watershed cross section and slop, respectively, a and b is local coefficients) and the relationship between slope classes with gullies density. In regard to catchment characteristics, a set of similar gullies was selected in each region and the changes of cross section area for gullies in four points along its length were measured as indicator of gully development during two years. 17 physical and mechanical of surface and subsurface soil properties in each point were measured and the most important properties that affect on gully development were selected based on principle component analysis (PCA) method. Finally, the stepwise regression model was fitted to the soil properties selecting from PCA for gully's development in each region.
Results: The relationship between Slope classes and gully density showed that in MollaAhmad region gully density was increased with increasing the slope. In OrtaDaghregion, similar trend was observed up to 20-30% slope, while in Sarcham region these was no relationship between slope classes and gully density. According to the topographic threshold it seems that runoff is the main agent for gully forming in MollaAhmad,but in Sarchamthe piping and tunnel erosion might have caused gully formation and in Ortadagh both surface and subsurface flows were recognized as effective agents for gully formation. Increasing values of the cross section for the selected gullies during 2 years was 0.9, 0.6, and 0.8 m2 for Ortadagh, MollaAhmad, and Sarcham regions respectively, which were 41, 44 and 61 percent more than their initial cross sections. Among mechanical soil properties, liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) and shear strength (SS) had the negative and significant correlations with increasing the cross sections of gullies in 3 regions. Among the particle size fractions, Water dispersible clay had the most effect on increasing the gully’s cross sections and except for surface depth of Molla Ahmad, its correlation with gully’s cross section was significant. Principle component analysis (PCA) demonstarated that in MollaAhmad and Ortadagh mainly mechanical properties of soil and aggregate stability had the more effect on increasing the gully cross section, but in Sarcham soil particle size classes and aggregate stability indices had more effect on gully’s cross section.
Conclusion: According to topography threshold, it can be concluded that surface runoff is the main agent for gully forming in MollaAhmad and gully density increases by increasing the slope classes. In this region the effect of surface runoff on surface soil erosion was sever. In Sarcham there was no relationship between slope and gully density and it was found that the subsurface flow is predominant factor for gully forming. In OrtaDagh both surface and subsurface flows were the main factors for gully forming, so due to increasing the surface flow up to slope 20-30% class, maximum gully density was noted in this slope class and the effect of subsurface soil properties in developing gully cross section was higher than surface soil properties. In general, the relationship between gully density with slope classes, topographic threshold and soil physical and mechanical properties which were effective on gully development indicated the close consistency between the type of hydrologic flow in gully forming and the most important soil properties on increasing the gully’s cross section.
H. Karimi; A. Lakzian; Gh. haghnia; H. Emami; M. Soufi
Abstract
Introduction: Soil erosion by water is one of the most widespread forms of land degradation and it has caused many undesirable consequences in last decades. On steep slopes, rill erosion is the most important type of erosion, which produces sediment and rill flow. It can be also considered as a vehicle ...
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Introduction: Soil erosion by water is one of the most widespread forms of land degradation and it has caused many undesirable consequences in last decades. On steep slopes, rill erosion is the most important type of erosion, which produces sediment and rill flow. It can be also considered as a vehicle for transporting soil particles detached from upland areas. Recent studies indicate that soil detachment rates are significantly influenced by land use. It is also known that there is a major difference between detachment rates of disturbed and natural soils (Zhang et al., 2003). Plowing rills especially in steep slopes increases sediment production. Sun et al. (2013) reported that the contribution of rill erosion in hill slope lands in china was more than 70%, which was approximately 50% of total soil erosion. In addition, measured soil loss is statistically related to hydraulic indicators such as slope, water depth, flow velocity, flow shear stress and stream power (Knapen et al., 2007). This study aims to evaluate the effects of hydraulic variables (shear stress and stream power) on spatial-temporal soil detachment rate. The focus is on the plowing rills in hillslope areas under wheat dry farming cultivation.
Materials and Methods: The study area is located in hilly slopes with the slope of 22.56% under dry farming wheat cultivation at 60 km of west of Shiraz, Iran. Top-down conventional plowing was carried out in order to create 10 meters furrows. Slope and cross sections of rills were measured throughout the experiment at 1 m intervals by rill-meter. Water was added to the top of the rills for 10 minutes and inflow rates were 10, 15 and 20 L min-1. Hydraulic parameters such as shear stress and stream power were calculated measuring rill morphology and water depth. Flow velocity and hydraulic radius along the different rill experiments were also calculated. Sediment concentrations were measured in three equal regular time and distance intervals (measurement points (MPs)), they were considered to calculate sediment detachment rate in different times and sections of each rill experiment for spatial and temporal soil detachment rate evaluation. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was employed to test the significance of differences of sediment detachment rate among different treatments.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the maximum values of shear stress and stream power were 14.07 Pa and 10.29 Wm-2 and the minimum values were 7.41 and 2.77 respectively. This research also indicated that changes in longitudinal profile of these hydraulic parameters along the rills affected the soil detachment rate values. Obtained average, minimum and maximum of the soil detachment rate were determined as 0.09, 0.02 and 0.22 kgm-2s-1, respectively. Due to Detachment-Transport Coupling mechanism, there was a significant difference between the initial and following MPs (P
Ali reza Karimi; Isa Esfandiarpour Borujeni
Abstract
Soil maps are the common sources of soil information for land evaluation and land use planning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of conventional and geostatistical methods for mapping selected physical (sand, silt and clay) and chemical (carbonate calcium equivalent and pH) ...
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Soil maps are the common sources of soil information for land evaluation and land use planning. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of conventional and geostatistical methods for mapping selected physical (sand, silt and clay) and chemical (carbonate calcium equivalent and pH) soil properties. Based on interpretation of aerial photographs, satellite images and field observations, five geopedologic map units were identified in an area of about 12 km2 in southern Jiroft. 100 surface soil samples (0-20 cm) were taken from a regular grid of 500 × 250 m. The results indicated that geopedological map units were significantly different in at least one soil property. Differences of characteristics between units are resulting differences in geomorphic processes. Continuous soil maps prepared by the ordinary kriging also revealed continuous variations of characteristics in accordance with the changes in geomorphic processes. However, variations between units obviously recognizable in the boundary of units were not revealed by the geostatistical method. Based on results of this study, the conventional method is proposed for large areas (small scale maps) and geostatisticals method for small areas (large scale maps) are proposed for soil mapping.
nasrin ghorbanzadeh; A. Lakzian; Gh. Haghnia; Ali reza Karimi
Abstract
Microbial reduction is an important process that affects properties of ferric clay mineralas and iron biogeochemical cycling in natural environments. Oxyhydroxides and phyllosilicates are two major sources of iron in soils, rocks and sediments that potentially have ability to bioreduced over the time. ...
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Microbial reduction is an important process that affects properties of ferric clay mineralas and iron biogeochemical cycling in natural environments. Oxyhydroxides and phyllosilicates are two major sources of iron in soils, rocks and sediments that potentially have ability to bioreduced over the time. In this study, comparison of bioreduction in two main sources of iron (oxides and phyllosilicates) in the presence of Shewanella sp was carried out. For this purpose an experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions in the form of a completely randomized design with 16 treatments and 3 replications. Treatments included bioreduction of goethite, hematite and two type of nontronite with and without electron transfer (AQS) and controls (all mentioned treatments in the absence of Shewanella sp). The results revealed that bioreduction in goethite, hematite and two type of nontronite increased in the presence of AQS. The extent of reduction in the presence of AQS was 21%, 9%, 3% and 8.7% in NAu-2, NAu-1, hematite and goethite respectively. These results have shown when iron oxides (goethite and hematite) and iron silicates are the dominant form of ferric iron in soils and subsurface sediments, Shewanella sp can survive and produce significant amounts of Fe(II). In the identical conditions of bioreduction (concentration of electron donor and acceptor and equal number of bacterial cell) size and surface area of mineral play an important role in efficiency of bioreduction.
L. Ghorashi; Gh. Haghnia; A. Lakzian; R. Khorasani
Abstract
Iron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. The existence of lime, low content of organic matter and excess application of phosphate fertilizer in soils are the factors affecting its availability. In this study the effects of lime, phosphorus and organic matter on growth and iron uptake of maize ...
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Iron is an essential micronutrient for plant growth. The existence of lime, low content of organic matter and excess application of phosphate fertilizer in soils are the factors affecting its availability. In this study the effects of lime, phosphorus and organic matter on growth and iron uptake of maize were evaluated. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with two levels of lime (0, 2% calcium carbonate) two levels of organic matter (0 , 1% cattle manure),three levels of phosphorus (0, 200, 400 kg ha-1 triple super phosphate). The experimental design used, was completely randomized ,factorial, with 2 replications. Results showed that application of cattle manure significantly increased shoot dry weight, iron concentration and iron uptake of maize. The application of lime had no significant effect on shoot dry weight however it decreased iron concentration and iron uptake of maize. Application of phosphorus increased shoot dry weight but decreased iron concentration and iron uptake of plant. The study of organic matter interaction with one of the other treatments showed that application of organic manure can improve the negative effects of lime and phosphorus.
A. Maadani; A. Lakzian; Gh. Haghnia; R. Khorasani
Abstract
High concentration, of heavy metals and the presence of phosphorus in soils may cause a reduction in the growth and activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and consequently, the spore production of these fungi would decrease. In order to evaluate the effect of zinc and cadmium as heavy metals and ...
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High concentration, of heavy metals and the presence of phosphorus in soils may cause a reduction in the growth and activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and consequently, the spore production of these fungi would decrease. In order to evaluate the effect of zinc and cadmium as heavy metals and phosphorus on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity through measuring glomalin produced by these fungi a factorial experiment arranged as completely randomized design was carried out. Experimental factors included two fungal species G. mosseae and G. intraradices and non mycorrhiza (NM), six combinations of metals (400 mg of Zn, 25 mg of Cd, 400 mg of Zn + 25 mg of Cd, 50 mg P, 50 mg of P+ 400 mg of Zn + 25 mg of Cd, and no metal kg-1 soil sample) in three replications. The results showed that inoculated treatments produced more glomalin compared to non mycorrhizal treatments. The application of Cd, Zn and P caused a significant reduction in produced glomalin by both fungi species. The most reduction of glomalin in G. intraradices was detected in Cd treatment and in G. mosseae was in Zn treatment. The result also showed a positive correlation between the measured glomalin by Bradford assay and the percent of root colonization. According to the results of this study, glomalin in soil could be an indicator to monitor arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi activity and soil health.
A. Shabani; Gh. haghnia; Ali reza Karimi; M.M. Ahmadi
Abstract
Topographic characteristics are considered as important factors for growth and yield of rainfed crops because of the impact on the water distribution and consequently effects on soil physical and chemical properties. No information is available on this subject for North Khorasan province of Iran. The ...
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Topographic characteristics are considered as important factors for growth and yield of rainfed crops because of the impact on the water distribution and consequently effects on soil physical and chemical properties. No information is available on this subject for North Khorasan province of Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of soil and topographic characteristics on the rainfed wheat yield in Sisab region of North Khorasan province. Surface soil samples and wheat yield data were taken from 100, 1×1 m2 plots on different slope positions from 800 ha of rainfed farms. Sand, silt, clay, gravel, calcium carbonate equivalent, soil organic matter, pH, EC, total nitrogen, available potassium and phosphorus were measured. Primary and secondary topographic derivatives including elevation, slope, aspect, plan curvature, topographic wetness index, sediment transport index and stream power index were calculated from a 30m grid cell size digital elevation model. Multiple regression models were developed between soil and topographic characteristics and yield components. 20 out of 100 samples were used to validate the model prediction. Coefficients of correlation matrix showed that elevation and calcium carbonate equivalent have the strongest correlation with wheat yield components. Soil factors including calcium carbonate percentage and organic matter and topographic indices such as elevation, slope and stream power index were entered into the regression models. Because of non-linear and complex interrelation, the regression models explained only 43% and 40% of total and grain yield variations, respectively. The results of this study showed that although Sisab is located on the border of arid and semiarid climate, the topographic characteristics could affect soil properties and wheat yield components.
M.S. Hosseini; Gh. Haghnia; A. Lakzian; H. Emami
Abstract
Soil enzyme activities can be used as indicators of soil quality for assessing the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of barley residue input rate, burning, urea fertilizer and tillage management on activities of alkaline phosphatase and ...
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Soil enzyme activities can be used as indicators of soil quality for assessing the sustainability of agricultural ecosystems. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of barley residue input rate, burning, urea fertilizer and tillage management on activities of alkaline phosphatase and urease under field conditions, after a period of 90 days. The experiment was carried out based on a completely randomized design with a factorial arrangement in two replications. The treatments included two levels of barley residue input rate (3 and 6 t ha-1), burning (without and with stubble burning), urea fertilizer (0 and 125 kg ha-1) and tillage systems (no-till, conventional tillage). Results showed that 6 t ha-1 crop residue treatment increased enzyme activities in comparison with 3 t ha-1treatment at 0-5 cm. Whereas stubble burning and tillage treatments significantly decreased urease and alkaline phosphatase activities. The urea fertilizer had no effect on alkaline phosphatase activity, whereas urease activity positively affected by urea application. Urease activity was affected more than alkaline phosphatase activity by management practices in soil. The results of this experiment showed that no-tillage system along with crop residue retention of 6 t.ha-1 and without stubble burning systems would be the most effective management to protect and promote soil alkalin phosphatase and urease activity.
A. Hosseinpour Buri Abadi; Gh. Haghnia; A. Alizadeh; A. Fotovat
Abstract
Increasing population, limitation of water resources, and also enormous volume of municipal wastewater and need to dispose of these wastewaters safety, has been increased of necessity of reuse of wastewater. Disposal of wastewater in soil is one of the most economical methods of their disposal. Different ...
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Increasing population, limitation of water resources, and also enormous volume of municipal wastewater and need to dispose of these wastewaters safety, has been increased of necessity of reuse of wastewater. Disposal of wastewater in soil is one of the most economical methods of their disposal. Different soil characteristics, type of wastewater and method of its application are issues that affect wastewater treatment efficiency in the soil. For this purpose, an experiment was carried out in 12 polyethylene columns during 7 periods of 15 days in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A statistical “factorial design” was used. Raw and treated wastewaters from Parkandabad Treatment Plant were applied under continuous and intermittent flood conditions in columns filled with silty loam soil. At the end of experiment, soil columns were divided and soil samples from depths of 0-25, 25-50 and 50-100 cm each column were collected. Properties such as pH, salinity, concentration of NO3, PO4, TOC, Ni and Cd were measured in soil solution samples and also Leachates were taken in each period of experiment. The result showed that the mean values of each of the above mentioned parameters, with exception of pH and salinity, were lower in leachate compared to the wastewaters entering the soil. However, with continuous application of wastewaters increase in the amount of these components (with exception of salinity and Ni) were observed. The amount of Cd in leachate samples of any periods was undetected. Considering the effect of wastewater application on soil chemical properties, value of all parameters (except salinity) in comparison to their initial values have increased in the soil solution. Based on the above results, disposal of wastewaters (especially raw wastewater) on soil should be managed carefully. So that by sound usage of wastewaters, environmental risks resulting from disposal of them are reducing to the lowest level in nature.
H. Shohab Arkhazloo; H. Emami; Gh. Haghnia; A.R. Karimi
Abstract
Abstract
Soil quality evaluation is an essential issue in soil management for agriculture and natural resource protection. Soil quality indices are useful tools for determination and comparison of soils quality. Using of principle component analysis in this study we selected 6 important properties as ...
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Abstract
Soil quality evaluation is an essential issue in soil management for agriculture and natural resource protection. Soil quality indices are useful tools for determination and comparison of soils quality. Using of principle component analysis in this study we selected 6 important properties as a soil quality minimum data set (MDS) among 18 soil properties (TDS). Then, soil quality of agriculture and pasture lands in DehSorkh region in south of Mashhad city was evaluated by Integrated quality index (IQI) and Nemero quality index (NQI) in two collections of soil properties include MDS and TDS. The results showed that soils of the region had low quality in respect to studied indices and was significant correlation between IQITDS - IQIMDS and between NQITDS - NQIMDS. Generally those results show that determined MDS can be a suitable representative of TDS. In addition, comparison of soil quality indices between agriculture and pasture soils showed that efficiency of TDS collection in determining land use effect on soil quality indices was better than that of MDS.
Keywords: Integrated quality index, Nemero quality index, Principle component analysis
D. Rezaei; Gh. Haghnia; A Lakziyan; M. Hassanzadeh Khayyat; H. Nasirly
Abstract
Abstract
Atrazine biodegradation by bacteria is one of the most important aspects of bioremediation. Atrazine can be degraded by various species of bacteria. Bacteria use atrazine as nitrogen and carbon sources. The aim of this study was to determine atrazine degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescence ...
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Abstract
Atrazine biodegradation by bacteria is one of the most important aspects of bioremediation. Atrazine can be degraded by various species of bacteria. Bacteria use atrazine as nitrogen and carbon sources. The aim of this study was to determine atrazine degradation by Pseudomonas fluorescence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The experiment consisted of two Pseudomonas bacteria, three levels of atrazine concentrations (100, 200 and 300 mg.l-1) and four types of MSM medium (complete, without nitrogen, without carbon and without nitrogen and carbon source). The results showed that both bacteria were able to degrad atrazine at all concentrations. However, increasing atrazine concentration led to more degradation of this herbicide. Biodegradation of atrazine by Pseudomonas fluorescence in concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mg.l-1 was 18.5, 48.91 and 72.6% respectively and it was 19.08, 33.83 and 62.66% respectively for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a period of 48 hr. The most degradation of herbicide was observed by Pseudomonas fluorescence in MSM medium without N treatment. In this study nitrogen source was a limiting factor in degradation of atrazine by Pseudomonas fluorescent. Nitrogen source had no significant effect on degradation of atrazine by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in comparison with other MSM medium. In addition, the carbon source in both conditions (with and without) had no significant effect on atrazine degradation by both bacteria.
Keywords: Atrazine, Biodegradation, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescence
H. Shohab Arkhazloo; H. Emami; Gh. Haghnia; A.R. Karimi
Abstract
Abstract
Soil quality is an essential concept for maximum agriculture production without environmental destruction. Studying soil physical quality indicators, that express soil structural stability and soil air-water balance in root zone, is one of the most important aspects of soil quality. So determination ...
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Abstract
Soil quality is an essential concept for maximum agriculture production without environmental destruction. Studying soil physical quality indicators, that express soil structural stability and soil air-water balance in root zone, is one of the most important aspects of soil quality. So determination of optimal range for pore volume distribution is important and this research carried out to determine i) the optimal range for pore volume distribution according to soil physical quality indicators ii) the effect of soil properties on the slope of retention curve at its inflection point or Sgi index and iii) the effect of type of land use on soil physical quality indicators. The classification of studied soils was Haplocalcid, soil texture varied from sand to clay loam and organic carbon (OC) also changed between 0.2 to 2.2 percentages. In this study, Sgi index and pore volume distribution were determined by fitting the experimental soil retention curve data of 40 soil samples to van Genuchten equation in agricultural and rangeland land uses in south of Mashhad plain. Also some other soil physical quality indicators such as, percentage of organic carbon, bilk density, sodium absorption ratio (SAR), mean weight diameter of wet aggregates (MWD), relative field capacity (RFC), plant available water capacity (PAWC), air capacity (AC), and structural stability index (SI) were measured. Then the optimal range of pore volume distribution was determined by using of 8 soil physical quality indicators. Also the correlation between Sgi index and soil physical properties was determined. The positive and significant correlation between Sgi index and percentage of %OC, mean MWD, RFC, and PAWC was shown. But there was a negative and significant correlation between Sgi index and SAR in both land uses. In addition, mean comparison of indicators in two land uses showed that, among the 8 indicators, Sgi index, MWD, PAWC has been decreased significantly in agriculture land use samples.
Keywords: Pore volume distribution, Sgi Index, Soil physical quality
M.H. Ravanbakhsh; A. Fotovat; Gh.H. Haghnia
Abstract
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incubation time, sewage sludge and clay content on the distribution of nickel and cadmium in different fractions of selected calcareous soils. To meet this purpose, an experiment with two different soils (4 and 30 percent CaCO3), two different ...
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Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incubation time, sewage sludge and clay content on the distribution of nickel and cadmium in different fractions of selected calcareous soils. To meet this purpose, an experiment with two different soils (4 and 30 percent CaCO3), two different textures (8 and 40 percent clay), two levels of nickel (0 and 100 mg.kg-1), two levels of cadmium (0 and 25 mg.kg-1) and organic matter in the form of sewage sludge in two levels (0 and 50 t ha-1) was carried out. Two incubation times (0 and 60 days) and three replications in a completely randomized design were mentioned. The samples were incubated for two months at temperature of 25±2 °C and soil moisture condition close to field capacity. Distribution of Cd and Ni in fractions soluble+exchangeable, organically bound, carbonate bound and residual fractions was determined by a sequential extraction method. The results illustrated that, in both soils, residual form of Ni and carbonate form of Cd were dominant and showed a significant change with sewage sludge treatment and time. Sewage sludge application increased the amount of organic and carbonate bound of Ni and Cd significantly. The proportion of organic and carbonate bond Cd and Ni was higher in soil with 33 percent lime. In contrast, in soil with 4 percent lime, the percentage of Ni and Cd in the residual fractions was higher. Residual fraction of Ni and Cd in Clay soil was significantly higher than sandy loam soil. Increasing the amount of Ni and Cd increased all fractions of these metals significantly. The organic forms of Ni and Cd decreased significantly in the course of time. In general, based on the results, it may be concluded that calcium carbonate, clay percent and sewage sludge treatment play a key role in the distribution of Ni and Cd in different fractions of soils.
Keywords: Fractionation, Calcium carbonate, Sewage sludge, Clay percent, Time
R. Daempanah; Gh.H. Haghnia; A. Alizadeh; A.R. Karimi
Abstract
Abstract
In the recent decades, application of geostatistic and remote sensing for mapping salinity and sodicity of surface soil and monitoring it's changes have been developed. The goal of this research was to compare the capability of geostatistic and remote sensing methods for mapping salinity-sodicity ...
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Abstract
In the recent decades, application of geostatistic and remote sensing for mapping salinity and sodicity of surface soil and monitoring it's changes have been developed. The goal of this research was to compare the capability of geostatistic and remote sensing methods for mapping salinity-sodicity of soils in playa from sourthern Mah Valat county, in the Khorasan Razavi province. 88 samples of surface soil from depth of 0 to 10cm on the crossing lines of 1000×1000 meter grids were taken, and their EC, PH and SAR were measured. After normalizing variables, checking anisotropy and determining the parameters of variogram, the salinity and sodicity maps of soil were prepared using kriging method with an accuracy of 60 and 58 percent. the Results revealed that kriging had trimmed salinity and sodicity data because it had lowered the standard deviation. The IRS-P6 images were used to map salinity and sodicity maps. After pre-processing of images, PCA, salinity indexes of SI1, SI2, BI and NDSI were calculated and digital number of sampling points were extracted. By checking the correlation between variables and digital numbers of images, the SI1 that had the highest Pearson coefficient, was selected and salinity map of surface soil was prepared by the method of supervised classification. There was no correlation between images and sodicity data, and also between sodicity, salinity and pH data. Probability of extracting sodicity map by this method was evaluated poor. The result of this resarch also showed that for increasing accuracy in kriging maps more points should be taken, while in the remote sensing with less points while saving time and money, it’s possible to have more accurate maps.
Keywords: IRS, EC, Geostatistic, Salinity index, Superwised classification, Mah Valat
M. Mohammadi Aria; A. Lakzian; Gh. Haghnia; H. Besharati; A. Fotovat
Abstract
Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that direct application of rock phosphate dose do not have enough efficiency to release phosphorus compared to chemical fertilizers. The main purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of direct application of rock phosphate. Incorporation of rock ...
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Abstract
A large number of studies have shown that direct application of rock phosphate dose do not have enough efficiency to release phosphorus compared to chemical fertilizers. The main purpose of this study was to increase the efficiency of direct application of rock phosphate. Incorporation of rock phosphate with sulfur, organic matter and inoculation with sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and phosphorous-solubilizing fungus, seems to be a suitable alternative for increasing the efficiency and applicability of rock phosphate. This experiment was carried out in laboratory condition, using completely randomized factorial design with 12 treatments and 3 replications. The treatments included sulfur at three rates, 0% (S0), 10% (S1), 20% (S2), vermicompost at two rates, 0% (V0), 15% (V15), and inoculation with Thiobacillus thiooxidanc, Aspergillus niger (BF) and without inoculation. Water soluble phosphorus and pH were measured during incubation time (15 and 60 days). The results of experiment showed that water soluble phosphorous increased over the time and the maximum level of water soluble P was observed using treatment of 20% sulfur, 15% vermicompost and inoculated with Thiobacillus and Aspergillus (BFS2V1). The amount of water soluble phosphorus in BFS20V15 was significantly higher than other treatments.
Keywords: Rock phosphate, Organic matters, Water soluble phosphorus
M. Mossadeghi; A. Lakziyan; Gh. Haghnia; A. Fotovat; A. Halajnia
Abstract
Dissolved Organic nitrogen (DON) is an important constituent of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM). It has a considerable effect on total dissolved soil nitrogen and it is very important as a nitrogen source of many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, which is another form of ...
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Dissolved Organic nitrogen (DON) is an important constituent of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM). It has a considerable effect on total dissolved soil nitrogen and it is very important as a nitrogen source of many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, which is another form of total soil dissolved nitrogen, includes NO3, NO2 and NH4, which is very important for plant nutrient. Soil managements such as fertilizer application affects the flux and concentration of DON and DIN in soils. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different N-fertilizers application on DON and DIN content of two Alfisols located in near the Caspian Sea in the north of Iran. An experiment carried out using complete randomized design with factorial arrangements. Four level of N-fertilizers (Urea, Ammonium nitrate, Ammonium sulfate with Control)) and six different times (0, 7, 14, 28, 42, 60 day) with three replications in two different soils. Changes in DON, DIN, pH and soil respiration were monitored during the period of 60 days. The results showed that dissolved organic nitrogen decreased significantly by N- fertilizer application in both soil samples however, NO3, NO2 and NH4 increased. Ammonium sulfate showed the maximum effect on DON reduction and it can be due to the pH reduction. Changes in DON during the experiment varied from 11 to 75 % in both soil. At the end of experiment, NO3 + NO2 formed a major part of total Dissolved nitrogen in soils.
A. Halajnia; Gh. Haghnia; A. Lakziyan; A. Ramezanian
Abstract
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and other green house gases have increased the Earth temperature in recent century, which it affects all biochemistry cycles in soils. To examine the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on N forms in soil solution in a calcareous soil, an experiment ...
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Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide and other green house gases have increased the Earth temperature in recent century, which it affects all biochemistry cycles in soils. To examine the effect of atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature on N forms in soil solution in a calcareous soil, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement in the laboratory conditions. Initially, soil was treated with one percentage of cattle manure compost and 200 kg ha-1 of urea, then changes in forms of soil nitrogen (total dissolved nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen, sum of nitrate and nitrite and ammonium) were evaluated in two levels of temperature (25 and 35 oC) and two different carbon dioxide concentrations (350 and 700 ppm) during 60 days of incubation with three replications. The results showed that the effect of carbon dioxide on nitrogen forms was different at 25 and 35 oC. Carbon dioxide increased dissolved organic nitrogen but dissolved inorganic nitrogen and nitrate and nitrite decreased at 25oC treatment. While total dissolved nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen and NO2 + NO3 increased at 750 ppm of carbon dioxide treatment, it had no effect on dissolved organic nitrogen. Changes in dissolved organic nitrogen were higher than other forms of nitrogen during the experiment. The maximum and minimum dissolved organic nitrogen were occurred faster than other nitrogen forms at 35 oC treatment. The results of this experiment showed that elevated carbon dioxide with increasing temperature increased the rate of nitrogen biochemical reactions in soil.
A. Hosseinpour; Gh. Haghnia; A. Alizadeh; A. Fotovat
Abstract
Abstract
Population increase, limitation of water resources, and increasing volume of municipal wastewater, has caused the necessity of wastewater reuse. Application of wastewater on soils seems to be the most economical method of its disposal and by percolating wastewater through the soil, its chemical ...
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Abstract
Population increase, limitation of water resources, and increasing volume of municipal wastewater, has caused the necessity of wastewater reuse. Application of wastewater on soils seems to be the most economical method of its disposal and by percolating wastewater through the soil, its chemical quality is improved. For this purpose, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with polyethylene columns (150 cm in length and 11 cm in diameter) during 7 periods of 15 days in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. A statistical completely randomized design was used. Raw and treated wastewaters from Parkandabad Treatment Plant were applied intermittent in columns filled with sandy loam soil. At The end of experiment, sampled of leachate were analyzed for parameters sach as pH, salinity, SAR, NO3-N, PO4-P, TOC, and two heavy metals of Cd and Ni. The results showed that the mean values of each of the above mentioned parameters, with the exception of pH, were lower in the leachate compared to the wastewaters entering the soil. However, with continuous application of wastewaters increase in the amount of these components was observed. Considering the effect of type of wastewater on values of above parameters, mean of pH value was significantly lower for raw wastewater (7.65) in the leachate as compared to the treated wastewater (7.71). NO3-N, PO4-P and Ni showed an opposite trend. The mean values of these parameters leached out from soil columns were 21.96, 0.055 and 0.015 (mg/l) for raw wastewater and 20.48, 0.024 and 0.012 (mg/l) for treated wastewater, respectively. Type of wastewater did not have any significant effect on other parameters. In generall, with respeet to the amount of SAR, NO3-N and TOC in the leachate as well as Ni and Cd specially in the raw wastewater and their hazardous consequences, their long-term disposals on soils need sound and suitable management practices.
Key words: Raw wastewater, Treated wastewater, Chemical characteristics of leachate, Soilu column
A. Lakziyan; A. Halajnia; Gh. Haghnia; A. Ramezanian
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metals enter to human food chain through the plant and soil contamination. It is very important to evaluate the affecting factors on plant uptake of heavy metals. In this study the effects of copper and zinc availability on cadmium uptake of root and shoot of corn and sunflower was investigated. ...
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Abstract
Heavy metals enter to human food chain through the plant and soil contamination. It is very important to evaluate the affecting factors on plant uptake of heavy metals. In this study the effects of copper and zinc availability on cadmium uptake of root and shoot of corn and sunflower was investigated. The experiment was carried out with a factorial arrangement, two species of plants (sunflower and corn), two cadmium concentrations (0.02 and 0.05 mg /l) and three concentrations of zinc and copper ( 0, 0.025 and 0.05 mg/l for Zinc and 0, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/l for copper) based on a completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that copper and zinc availability had no effect on cadmium uptake of corn plant. The highest concentration of cadmium in root corn was observed in 0.05 mg/l of cadmium concentration without copper application. In sunflower, the addition of 0.05 mg/l zinc to medium decreased cadmium uptake in 0.02 and 0.05 mg/l cadmium treatments. The synergistic effect of cadmium and zinc was observed in 0.05 mg/l cadmium and 0.025 mg/l zinc treatments. Zinc concentration had a positive effect on cadmium uptake in root and shoot of sunflower in this treatment.
Key words: Zinc, Copper, Cadmium, Corn, Sunflower
H.R. Mohammadpouran; A. Fotovat; Gh. Haghnia; A. Halajnia; M. Chomsaz
Abstract
Abstract
Chromium is among the metals that has numerous applications in various industries due to its specifications. Widespread use of this metal in different industries has unfortunately been accompanied by its increased release into environment and this entails numerous environmental hazards. In ...
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Abstract
Chromium is among the metals that has numerous applications in various industries due to its specifications. Widespread use of this metal in different industries has unfortunately been accompanied by its increased release into environment and this entails numerous environmental hazards. In the first phase of the research that was conducted to evaluate the effect of the leather processing companies' sewage on chromium behavior on soil, samples of soil affected by the sewage of leather processing companies were studied Hexavalent chromium and chromium distribution ratio in exchangeable organic, carbonated and residual fractions of these soils were examined. The second phase of this research was conducted to assess the effect of time, chromium, soil texture and soil organic mater on chromium distribution in soil fractions. In this phase of the research also the reduction process of hexavalent chromium with time was evaluated. In the evaluation of the soils affected with chromium in Charmshahr area of Mashhad the contamination was observed in 45-centimeter depth of the soil. In sequential extractions of these soils it was shown that 90% of the chromium was in the residual fraction. The chromium distribution order in various fractions of these soils was as follows:
Exchange fraction> Organic fraction> Carbonated fraction> residual fraction
The results showed that time had an important effect on the chromium distribution in various soil fractions especially in short term. Treatments of this section had not a significant effect on the chromium distribution in various fractions statistically except in limited cases. Among the most important results of this phase, we can cite the increased contribution (percentage) of chromium to exchangeable fraction with increased level of chromium in soil and this is so important from the environmental point of view.
Key word: Chromium, Organic matter, Fraction
A. Halajnia; A. Lakziyan; Gh. Haghnia; A. Ramezanian
Abstract
Abstract
Heavy metals uptake and their distribution in plants are different. In addition to the genetic factors, environmental factors such as interactions of heavy metals with essential elements are very important on the amount of heavy metals uptake. In this study, the effects of iron and manganese ...
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Abstract
Heavy metals uptake and their distribution in plants are different. In addition to the genetic factors, environmental factors such as interactions of heavy metals with essential elements are very important on the amount of heavy metals uptake. In this study, the effects of iron and manganese on accumulation of cadmium in shoot and root of sunflower and corn in different concentration of those elements in a hydroponic condition was investigated. The results showed that cadmium uptake in root and shoot of sunflower were higher significantly compared to corn. The concentration of cadmium decreased in the shoot of sunflower and corn with increasing the iron availability. Cadmium concentration of corn root was not affected by iron availability but cadmium concentration in sunflower root was reduced dramatically. Manganese availability had less effect on cadmium accumulation of root and shoot of both plants. Cadmium concentration of root and shoot of sunflower increased by manganese availability but it was different in corn plant.
Key words: Cadmium, Corn, Sunflower, Iron, Manganese
M.H. Ravanbakhsh; A. Fotovat; Gh. Haghnia
Abstract
Abstract
In order to study the chemical behavior of nickel and cadmium in the presence of organic matter, an experiment with two different soils (4 and 30 percent CaCO3), two different texture (8 and 40 percent clay), two levels of nickel (0 and 100 mg.kg-1), two levels of cadmium (0 and 25 mg.kg-1) ...
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Abstract
In order to study the chemical behavior of nickel and cadmium in the presence of organic matter, an experiment with two different soils (4 and 30 percent CaCO3), two different texture (8 and 40 percent clay), two levels of nickel (0 and 100 mg.kg-1), two levels of cadmium (0 and 25 mg.kg-1) and organic matter in the form of sewage sludge in two levels (0 and 100 t. ha-1), at three times (0, 30, 60 days) in a completely randomized design with three replications was carried out. Concentration of cations, anions, dissolved organic carbon and pH were measured in soil extracts. Soil solutions were speciated for chemical forms of nickel and cadmium by MINTEQA2 model. The results of this study showed that nickel, cadmium and dissolved organic carbon in sewage sludge treated soils increased significantly. The amount of available nickel and cadmium decreased significantly with time. Nickel and cadmium in sandy loam soil was significantly higher than clay soil. Sewage sludge application decreased the amount of free hydrated cadmium significantly. In solution phase the proportion of free hydrated cadmium and nickel was higher in soil with 4 percent lime. In contrast, in soil with high lime, the percentage of nickel and cadmium in the form of carbonate was higher. In general, it seems that in the study soils calcium carbonate plays a key role in chemical behavior of nickel and cadmium in solution phase. Therefore, it can be expected that the recommended threshold by environmental protection agencies should be higher in calcareous soils.
Key words: Soil Solution, Heavy metals, Doc
M. Mohammadi; A. Fotovat; Gh. Haghnia
Abstract
Abstract
In order to investigate the removal of copper, nickel, zinc and chromium from industrial waste water by a sand–soil–organic matter filter column, this experiment was conducted at a completely randomized design with sixteen treatments and four replications. P.V.C tubes (columns) with 66.5 ...
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Abstract
In order to investigate the removal of copper, nickel, zinc and chromium from industrial waste water by a sand–soil–organic matter filter column, this experiment was conducted at a completely randomized design with sixteen treatments and four replications. P.V.C tubes (columns) with 66.5 cm height and 10 cm diameter were chosen and filled from down to top by coarse gravel (15 cm), sand (15 cm), soil (2.5 or 5 cm), organic matter (15 cm) and fine gravel (5 cm), respectively. Then, 1100 ml of electroplating industry waste water was added to the filter and 30 ml of leachate was collected and transferred to the laboratory for measurement of pH and heavy metals concentrations by atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. The action was repeated at nine pore volumes for each filter. The results showed that application of this filter led to increased pH to neutral and low alkaline range and often meaningful decreased heavy metals concentrations in the leachates during nine pore volumes. The probable mechanisms (such as adsorbtion, precipitation, ion exchange and chelation) by which the filter led to changes in the chemical properties of leachate were also discussed. Generally, it seems that the application of sand–soil–organic matter filter column was effective and therefore, could be advisable for the removal of studied heavy metals from industrial waste water.
Keywords: Waste water, Heavy Metals, Adsorption.
A. Mirbolook; A. Lakziyan; Gh. Haghnia
Abstract
Abstract
Some species of earthworms have great ability to breakdown the organic wastes and transform them to vermicompost. It is very important to optimize the growth conditions and earthworms reproduction to achieve high efficiency in vermicompost production. In this study the effect of aeration, soil ...
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Abstract
Some species of earthworms have great ability to breakdown the organic wastes and transform them to vermicompost. It is very important to optimize the growth conditions and earthworms reproduction to achieve high efficiency in vermicompost production. In this study the effect of aeration, soil and sugar beet molasses on the number of adult and juvenile worms, cocoons and earthworm biomass were studied in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments. Sugar beet molass had the highest influence on the number of adult and juvenile earthworms, cocoon and biomass. Aeration had a significant effect on the number of juvenile worms, cocoons, and earthworm biomass, although it had negative effect on adult worms. Treatments with soil increased the number of cocoons and biomass significantly, however, had no significant effect on the number of adult and juvenile earthworms. The highest amount of earthworm biomass was obtained during the seventh and eighth weeks of experiment and decreased afterwards. The earthworm growth rate in treatments with sugar beet molass was much higher than control.
Key words: Earthworm, biomass, growth rate, sugar beet, molass, vermicompost
A. Hosseinipour; Gh. Haghnia; A. Alizadeh; A. Fotovat
Abstract
Abstract
Due to the necessity of wastewater reuse in arid regions and the necessity of investigation on the fate of added materials into the soil, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with polyethylene columns (150 cm in length and 11 cm in diameter) filled with a sandy loam soil during 7 periods ...
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Abstract
Due to the necessity of wastewater reuse in arid regions and the necessity of investigation on the fate of added materials into the soil, a greenhouse experiment was carried out with polyethylene columns (150 cm in length and 11 cm in diameter) filled with a sandy loam soil during 7 periods of 15 days. A statistical factorial design was used. Raw and treated wastewaters from Parkandabad treatment plant were applied to the columns under continuous and intermittent flood irrigations. The results showed that PO4-P and Cd were retained by the soil while a large portion of soluble cations and anions, NO3-N and TOC as well as a part of Ni were leached out. The type of wastewater had a significant effect on transport percentage of elements except K and Mg. The transport percentage of all elements (with the exception of NO3-N and PO4-P) was higher for treated as compared to raw wastewater. Ca, HCO3 and Ni were significantly affected by the mode of application. For the intermittent flood conditions more Ca was leached out, while a reverse case was observed for the other two elements. Due to relatively rapid leaching of soluble cations especially Ca and Mg, NO3-N and TOC from the soil, and also high amount of heavy metals and TOC in raw wastewater, disposal of wastewaters (especially raw wastewater) should be managed carefully.
Key words: Column study, Raw and treated wastewater, Continuous flooding, Intermittent flooding,Transport perecentage