Irrigation
Seyed Abolghasem Haghayeghi Moghaddam; Fariborz Abbasi; Abolfazl Nasseri; Peyman Varjavand; Sayed Ebrahim Dehghanian; Mohammad Mehdi Ghasemi; Saloome Sepehri; Hassan Khosravi; Mohammad Karimi; Farzin Parchami-Araghi; Mustafa Goodarzi; Mokhtar Miranzadeh; Masoud Farzamnia; Afshin Uossef Gomrokchi; Moinedin Rezvani; Ramin Nikanfar; Seyed Hassan Mousavi fazl; Ali Ghadami Firouzabadi
Abstract
Introduction
The basic strategy to mitigate water crisis is to save agricultural water consumption by increasing productivity, which will result in more income for farmers and sustainable production. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume ...
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Introduction
The basic strategy to mitigate water crisis is to save agricultural water consumption by increasing productivity, which will result in more income for farmers and sustainable production. Due to the economic importance of barley production in the country, it is necessary to study the volume of irrigation water and water productivity to produce this strategic product. Based on extensive field research on irrigation water management and application of different irrigation methods in barley farms, the innovations of this research were: a) measuring water consumed and determining water use efficiency in barley production, b) the up-to-date of the measurements and research findings, c) findings applicability for application in agricultural planning at the national and regional levels, d) the ability to development the findings in barley farms at the national level to improve water use efficiency. The hypotheses of this research are: a) barley irrigation water is various in different regions, b) water applied in barley farms is more than the required one, c) the water use efficiency of barley is different in the main production areas, and d) The applied water of barley is not the same in different irrigation methods. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine the water consumed and water use efficiency in barley production; to measure the water applied to barley farms in the main production areas; to compare the water measured in the production areas with the net irrigation requirement; and finally to determine water use efficiency of the barley in the main production areas in the Iran.
Materials and Methods
For this purpose, the volume of irrigation water and barley yield in 296 selected farms in 12 provinces (about 75% of the area under cultivation and production of barley in Iran) including Khuzestan, East Azerbaijan, Ardabil, North Khorasan, Fars, Khorasan Razavi, Tehran, Semnan, Markazi, Isfahan, Hamedan and Qazvin were measured directly. Farms in the mentioned provinces were selected to cover various factors such as irrigation method, level of ownership, proper distribution and quality of irrigation water. By carefully monitoring the irrigation program of selected farms during the growing season, the amount of irrigation water for barley during one year was measured. At the end of the season and after determining the average yield of barley during the 2020-2021 year, the values of irrigation water productivity and total water productivity (irrigation+effective rainfall) were determined in selected barley farms in each region. The volume of water supplied was compared with the gross irrigation requirements estimated by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data from the last ten years, and compared with the values of the National Water Document. Analysis of variance was used to investigate the possible differences in yield, irrigation water and water productivity in barley production.
Results and Discussion
To assess the reliability of statistical analysis, we evaluated the sufficiency of the number of measurements needed for both the quantity of irrigation water and the ley yield on the farms. Subsequently, we computed statistical indices, such as the mean and standard deviation. The results showed that the number of measurements of irrigation water and barley yield was to be 296 and 283, respectively, which was more than the number of measurements required for irrigation water (41 dataset) and yield (50 dataset). Therefore, the sufficiency of the data for the statistical analysis was reliable. The results showed that the difference in yield, volume of irrigation water and water productivity indices were significant in the mentioned provinces. The volume of barley irrigation water in the studied areas varied from 1900 to 9300 cubic meters per hectare and its average weight was 4875 cubic meters per hectare. The average barley yield in selected farms varied from 1630 to 7050 kg ha-1 and the average was 3985 kg ha-1. Irrigation water productivity in selected provinces ranged from 0.22 to 1.53 and its weight average was 0.90 kg m-3. Average gross irrigation water requirement in the study areas by the Penman-Monteith method using meteorological data of the last ten years and the national water document were 4710 and 4950 cubic meters per hectare, respectively. Irrigation efficiency of barley fields in the country is estimated at 62-65% without deficit irrigation.
Conclusion
In order to reduce water consumption and improve water productivity, it is suggested to manage water delivery to farms during the season and deliver water rights to them according to crops water requirements. To reduce water losses and enhance productivity in the barley farms, it is suggested the application of modern irrigation systems according to the farms conditions with the suitable operation; and modification and improvement of surface and traditional irrigation methods. Note that, water is only one of several necessary and effective inputs in the optimal and economic production of barley. On the other hand, attention should be paid to the optimal application of other inputs including: seeds, fertilizers, equipment and tools etc.
Soil science
A. Neisi; M. Chorom; H. Ghafari; J. Alkasir
Abstract
IntroductionSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a perennial plant belonging to the cereal family. Sugarcane is a major agricultural crop cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Its phenological growth cycles lead to changes in the plant's nutritional requirements. Understanding ...
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IntroductionSugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) is a perennial plant belonging to the cereal family. Sugarcane is a major agricultural crop cultivated extensively in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide. Its phenological growth cycles lead to changes in the plant's nutritional requirements. Understanding these changes requires comprehensive knowledge of the plant's growth stages, as well as the decomposition processes of soil and plant leaves throughout these stages. The availability of nutrients required by the plant during the growth stages of the plant is one of the key points of normal plant growth, therefore, plant nutrition management plays a significant role in achieving optimal performance. Considering these changes, the leaf analysis and diagnosis method can prevent the limitations caused by plant nutritional disorders and the optimal use of fertilizers required in sugarcane cultivation. The combined nutrient detection (CND) method is one of the appropriate methods in interpreting the results of plant nutrient analysis, nutrient requirements and nutritional balance status in plants. Performing leaf sample analysis is an effective approach to monitor and assess the nutritional status of sugarcane. Given that sugarcane may have a multi-year cycle, this method provides a reliable indicator for assessing the nutritional needs of the crop during its cultivation period. One of the effective methods for assessing nutritional limitations in sugarcane is through the CND method. This method provides the advantage of quickly delivering up-to-date standards while identifying specific nutrients responsible for nutritional imbalances that may reduce productivity. Additionally, it enables the detection of limitations caused by deficiencies and excesses, indicated by negative and positive indices, respectively. The aim of this study was to determine the order of limitation for nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, iron, manganese, and zinc using the CND in the commercial sugarcane variety CP69-1062 grown in ratoon farms. In the northern Khuzestan farms, which have the potential for higher sugarcane production, nutritional limitations may still restrict productivity. Materials and MethodsThe present study was conducted in ratoon sugarcane fields in the Shuaibih area of Imam Khomeini sugarcane cultivation and industry. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of fertilization management and assess nutrient balance in the commercial sugarcane variety CP69-1062 grown in ratoon farms. To achieve this, 25 farms were selected during the 2023-2024 crop year. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper were analyzed in the leaves of the sugarcane plants. After the harvest season, the yield of each field was measured and recorded. The intermediate yield, obtained using the Khayari method, allowed the farms to be divided into two groups based on whether the yield was favorable or unfavorable. Subsequently, CND reference numbers, CND nutrient index and nutrient balance index (r²) were calculated. This index was calculated using the Keith-Nielson method, based on the Chi-square statistical distribution function (K²) in Excel software. Results and DiscussionThe results of the cumulative distribution function of the variance of nutrients, with an intermediate yield of 99 tons per hectare, indicate that 52% of the studied ratoon sugarcane farms were in the high yield group and 48% were in the low yield group. After solving the equations of the cumulative function of the third order of the studied nutrients, the nutrient balance index values were found to fall within the range of (2.62 to 20.58) in the optimal performance group, with an average value of 109.28 tons per hectare. The highest value of this index (r2 = 199.95) was observed in the Raton sugarcane field, with a yield of 73.08 tons per hectare. The CND reference numbers of the evaluated nutrients and remaining compounds were as follows: V*N= 2.87, V*P= 1.04, V*K= 2.64, V*Ca =1.95, V*Mg =1.29, V*Fe = -1.75, V*Mn = -3.35, V*Zn = -4.72, V*Cu = -3. 92, and V*Rd = 4.13. The index of CND nutrients showed that copper and iron had the highest negative index among micronutrients in the group of low-yielding ratoon sugarcane fields. The presence of calcareous conditions in the soil of the studied fields can be one of the reasons for this observation. ConclusionThe CND nutrient balance index (r2) was positive, especially in low-yielding ratoon sugarcane fields, and much higher than its value in high-yielding fields, which indicates nutritional imbalance in these fields. Proper management and balanced use of fertilizers should be considered. It can improve yield and growth cycle of sugarcane.
Soil science
Z. Khanmohammadi; A. Ahmadi
Abstract
Introduction
Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium Boiss. is a perennial plant of the Allium genus and native to Iran. The Allium genus has many antioxidant properties due to its being rich in organic compounds of sulfur and phenol. The shallot is used to treat rheumatic ...
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Introduction
Iranian shallot, scientifically known as Allium hirtifolium Boiss. is a perennial plant of the Allium genus and native to Iran. The Allium genus has many antioxidant properties due to its being rich in organic compounds of sulfur and phenol. The shallot is used to treat rheumatic and inflammatory pains, soothe superficial wounds, treat some stomach diseases, be antispasmodic, and also as a spice and flavoring in some foods. Considering the health benefits of shallot and its application in the food industry, shallot corms are harvested from the natural resources in different stages of growth. Therefore, it is necessary to preserve the natural habitats of shallot and also supply the market demand for this plant. It appears that the cultivation of shallots within agricultural systems could serve as a significant strategy for meeting the demands of the expanding global market. Furthermore, shallots are known for their low water requirements, making their cultivation a focal point in Isfahan province in recent years. Additionally, this crop stands out as a high-income generator in the region. Despite its economic potential, there has been limited research into optimizing the growth conditions for this valuable plant. Hence, this study aimed to explore the impact of urea and cow compost on the yield of Iranian shallots in the Fereydun Shahr region, focusing on the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrates.
Materials and Methods
This research was carried out in the crop year of 1400-1401 in a field with an area of 300 square meters (32° 55' 53" N, 49° 56' 43" E) located in Fereydunshahr city of Isfahan province. The experiment was conducted according to a completely randomized design. Factorial arrangement of experimental treatments including two fertilization factors (urea and cow compost) was used. Plots with dimensions of 2 × 3 meters were created with a distance of 50 cm between the rows. The treatments were considered as urea fertilization at four levels (0, 120, 240 and, 360 kg ha-1) and cow compost treatment at three levels (0, 40 and, 60 tons ha-1). After plotting and applying cow compost treatments, shallot corms were planted at a depth of 10 to 15 cm in November 1400. Urea fertilizer treatment was applied in two stages, the first stage when the plant germinated (mid-April) and the second stage before flowering (second half of May). All treatments were applied in 3 replications. It should be noted that the treatments in this research are shown as 0-0 (control), 0-40, 0-60, 120-0, 120-40, 120-60, 240-0, 240-40, 240-60, 360-0, 360-40 and 360-60. The corms were harvested in June 1401 and the fresh and dry yield of the shallots was determined. The amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and, potassium in shallots was measured. Nitrate concentration was also measured in the harvested corms based on the Iranian national standard No. 4106. The nitrogen, phosphorus and, potassium uptake by shallots was obtained from the product of yield and the concentration of these elements. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedure and the means were compared using the protected least significant difference (LSD) test at р < 0.05 probability level using SAS 9.3 software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that the combined use of chemical fertilizer (urea) and cow compost has a significant effect on the shallot yield increment, as the highest yield was obtained in the combined treatment of urea fertilizer 240 (kg ha-1) and cow compost 40 (ton ha-1) application. Although the highest nitrogen concentration and uptake were observed in the treatment of 360 (kg ha-1) of urea along with 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost, it was not significantly different from the treatment of 240-40 (the treatment with the highest yield). In general, the concentration of shallots nitrate was much lower than the permissible limit according to the national standard of Iran No. 16596. The highest nitrate concentration (24.63 mg kg-1 of fresh weight) was observed in the combined treatment of 120 (kg ha-1) of urea and 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost application (120-60), which was significantly higher than other treatments. On the other hand, the concentration of shallots nitrate in the 240-40 treatment was significantly lower than the treatments of 360 kg of urea per hectare along with 40 or 60 (ton ha-1) of cow compost.
Conclusion
According to the results, to achieve the best yield, the most suitable level of urea application was 240 kg ha-1 and the best level of cow compost was 40 ton ha-1. It seems, utilization more amounts of urea or cow compost will only cause additional costs to the farmer and a waste of capital. Moreover, it can increase environmental pollution and nitrate concentration of product, which cause to quality decrement.
Irrigation
M. Behdarnejad; H. Piri; M. Delbari
Abstract
Introduction
In sustainable farming systems, the use of organic fertilizers is of particular importance in increasing crop production and maintaining sustainable soil fertility. Nowadays, the consumption of organic foods is introduced to consumers as an alternative. The result of the application of ...
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Introduction
In sustainable farming systems, the use of organic fertilizers is of particular importance in increasing crop production and maintaining sustainable soil fertility. Nowadays, the consumption of organic foods is introduced to consumers as an alternative. The result of the application of chemical products is the crisis of environmental pollution, soil and water resources, and the health risk to human society. Nowadays, in order to reduce the effects of misuse of chemical inputs, chemical fertilizers can be replaced with organic biological fertilizers, including animal manure, compost, and green manure. In this regard, chicken manure has a positive effect on the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil, and due to its richness in uric acid, the nitrogen contained in it is used by the plant much faster than the nitrogen of other organic fertilizers. Vermicompost is considered a good source of soil fertility due to its organic materials. Organic matter in the soil improves the permeability and drainage of the soil and also prevents excessive dryness of the soil by maintaining sufficient moisture. Despite the fact that vermicompost can be used as a fertilizer in organic farming, high levels of this fertilizer may cause salinity effects in the plant, which affects the growth and development of the plant and even it can cause the death of cucumber as one of the crops sensitive to soil and water salinity. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the important vegetables that can be produced in a greenhouse all year round. Fresh consumption of cucumber throughout the year has increased its production. The development of technology and the short growth period of this product has made it possible to grow it in most climate zones. Therefore, in this research, the effects of different levels of water deficit with the simultaneous application of vermicompost and chicken manure on cucumber plants in the Behbahan region have been investigated.
Materials and Methods
In this study, different levels of irrigation water, vermicompost, and poultry manure on ground cucumber were investigated. The experiment was performed in the form of split plots based on completely randomized design and the form of stacks. Treatments included three levels of poultry manure (2, 4 and 8 ton ha-1), three levels of vermicompost (3, 6 and 9 ton ha-1) and three levels of water stress (100, 75 and 50% of plant water requirement). Both vermicompost and poultry manure were applied to the soil before planting. Harvest was done every three days. Fruit weight, diameter and length, plant length, the protein of the dry matter of the fruit percentage, and leaf chlorophyll in each plot were carefully measured. Also, the yield and water productivity at the end of the season were calculated.
Water productivity
Referring to the yield to irrigation water ratio, is obtained by the following relation (Payero et al., 2009):
WP=Y/IR (1)
In this equation, WP represents water productivity (kg/m3), Y denotes the yield (kg/ha), and IR shows the amount of irrigation water (m3/ha).
Statistical analysis
The analysis of variance for the results obtained from different treatments was conducted using SAS software (SAS 9.1, SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The mean values of the main factors and interactive effects were compared using the Duncan method at the 1% and 5% levels of significance.
Results and Discussion
The results showed that irrigation, poultry manure and vermicompost had a significant effect on the measured parameters at the level of one and five percent probability. Reduction of water consumption reduced yield and yield components, but in this regard, no significant difference was observed between 100% and 75% of water requirement. The highest yield was obtained in the treatment of 100% of plant water requirement and consumption of 4 ton ha-1 of poultry manure and 6 ton ha-1 of vermicompost, in this regard, no significant difference was observed with the treatment of 75% of water requirement. According to the results obtained from this study, it can be said that there is no significant difference in terms of yield between treatments of 75 and 100% of plant water requirement. Therefore, the amount of water given to the plant can be reduced to 75% of the plant water requirement, and with proper management, less water can be consumed without a significant reduction in crop yield. Examining the effects of irrigation water on the amount of the protein of the dry matter of the fruit showed that the highest amount of the protein of the dry matter of the fruit (56.31%) was obtained in the treatment of 75% of the water requirement and the protein of the dry matter of the fruit was less in other treatments. The interaction effect of vermicompost and poultry manure resulted in the highest percentage of cucumber protein at a treatment of 4 tons ha-1 of poultry manure and 6 tons ha-1 of vermicompost (58.42%). However, when the simultaneous use of 8 tons ha-1 of poultry manure and different levels of vermicompost was employed, the percentage of protein in the fruit's dry matter decreased. The combination of drought stress, poultry manure, and vermicompost, along with their interaction effects, significantly influenced the chlorophyll a and b values at both the 1% and 5% probability levels. As the depth of irrigation water decreased, the amounts of chlorophyll a and b also decreased. The treatment with 100% water requirement of the plant showed the highest amounts of chlorophyll a (0.63 mg/g fresh weight) and chlorophyll b (0.36 mg/g fresh weight). However, no significant difference was observed compared to the 75% treatment. Regarding the interactions between vermicompost and poultry manure, it was found that when using 6 tons ha-1 of vermicompost to reduce yield and its components, the use of poultry manure should be reduced to 4 tons ha-1. On the other hand, when higher levels of vermicompost (9 tons ha-1) are used, the application of poultry manure should be reduced to 2 tons ha-1.
Result
According to the results obtained from this research, it can be said that there is no significant difference in performance between the treatments of providing 75% and 100% of the water requirement of the plant, therefore, the amount of water given to the plant can be reduced to the amount of 75% of the water requirement of the plant. With proper management, less water can be consumed without significantly reducing the yield of the product.
Soil science
M. Eskandari; A. Zeinadini; M.N. Navidi; A. Salmanpour
Abstract
IntroductionSaffron, which its cultivation is compatible with the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, is one of the most valuable agricultural products in the world. Therefore, the cultivation of this crop in different parts of the country has been enormously developed in recent years. More than 95% ...
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IntroductionSaffron, which its cultivation is compatible with the arid and semi-arid climate of Iran, is one of the most valuable agricultural products in the world. Therefore, the cultivation of this crop in different parts of the country has been enormously developed in recent years. More than 95% of the world production of this precious product is allocated to Iran, which is mainly located in the two provinces of Khorasan Razavi and Southern Khorasan. The objective of this study was to determine the priority of lands for saffron cultivation by using TOPSIS method. Furthermore, in this study, TOPSIS, which is the second most widely used approach among multi-criteria decision making methods, was compared with the conventional parametric one to assess the land suitability for saffron production.Materials and MethodsTo achieve the objective of this study, 135 saffron farms in Khorasan Razavi, Southern Khorasan, Fars, Markazi and Kerman provinces were selected. In each farm, one pedon was dug and studied in detail. Soil samples were collected from different horizons of the pedons and taken to the laboratory for the designated physicochemical analyses. The average quantity of saffron yield in the last three years was recorded for each study point. The selected areas did not have climatic restrictions for saffron cultivation. For this purpose, in addition to local experience, the climate suitability index was calculated using the saffron climatic requirement table by its phenological period in each region. The effective soil criteria conditioned on the saffron yield were obtained using statistical analyses. By constructing a decision matrix and normalizing it, weighting the criteria by ranking order method and constructing a weighted matrix, determining the positive and negative ideal and then calculating the relative proximity of each alternative to the positive ideal, the preference of each alternative by TOPSIS method for saffron cultivation was determined. Then, the prioritization of alternatives was compared with the actual yield of saffron. Soil suitability index was also calculated using the table of soil and landscape requirements for saffron, and then compared with actual yield. Finally, the two schemes were validated and compared with each other.Results and DiscussionThe climate suitability index for saffron cultivation in the five studied areas indicated that the climate conditions in all areas were relatively similar. Consequently, soil properties can be considered as the only factors affecting the priority of lands for saffron cultivation in the studied areas. The results further revealed that three variables of lime content, salinity and exchangeable sodium percentage of soils under saffron cultivation in the country were higher than the critical level for saffron production. Therefore, these three variables are considered as the most important soil properties affecting the saffron yield. The order of weights assigned to the variables included salinity, exchangeable sodium percentage, lime, gravel, gypsum, organic carbon and soil reaction. Comparison of the order of priority of 135 options by TOPSIS with the actual yield of saffron showed an acceptable accuracy (R2 = 0.92) for this method. The soil index calculated by the parametric square root method for 135 soil profiles was also compared with the actual yield. The coefficient of determination obtained in this case was about 0.9, showing that TOPSIS was able to determine the suitability of lands for saffron cultivation better than the parametric method. Due to the ability of TOPSIS to evaluate a large number of evaluation criteria, this method is superior to the parametric method, which can consider a maximum of eight criteria in estimating the index.ConclusionThe outcome of this study showed a high accuracy of TOPSIS method in determining land suitability for development of saffron cultivation. This method is well able to use a large number of criteria that have negative or positive effects on the priority of alternatives. Furthermore, depending on the conditions of the decision making problem, one of the methods of weighting the criteria can be employed and combined with the TOPSIS method. The high accuracy of this method can be attributed to the use of mathematical relationships and matrices, data standardization by Euclidean soft method, and the nature of comparing both distances from the positive and negative ideals.
Irrigation
R. Saeidi
Abstract
Introduction: Adeqiate water use in the agricultural sector requires accurate knowledge of crop sensitivity to environmental stresses (such as water stress). The crop sensitivity to water stress may be different at different growth stages and may have a different effect on the actual amount of crop evapotranspiration ...
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Introduction: Adeqiate water use in the agricultural sector requires accurate knowledge of crop sensitivity to environmental stresses (such as water stress). The crop sensitivity to water stress may be different at different growth stages and may have a different effect on the actual amount of crop evapotranspiration compared to the standard conditions. At different levels of water stress, studying the sensitivity of crop evapotranspiration at different growth stages can be provided management strategies for optimal water consumption. In the present research, the intra-seasonal sensitivity coefficients of maize were modeled by using the Jensen model. Materials and Methods: In this research, the effect of water stress levels and growth stage sensitivity on the amount of maize (S.C 704) evapotranspiration was investigated. The experiment was performed as factorial based on randomized complete block design. The treatments included four irrigation levels of 100 (I0), 80 (I1), 60 (I2), and 40 (I3) percent of the crop water requirement and four growth stages of initial, development, middle and final. In between two irrigations, the amount of daily soil moisture was measured in the center of each plot and the depth of the crop root zone. Therefore, the amount of evapotranspiration of crops per unit area was estimated according to the soil water balance. Analysis of variance and mean data comparison of evapotranspiration and dry biomass yield were performed by SPSS software and using Duncan's multiple tests. By actual evapotranspiration and yield data, intra-seasonal sensitivity coefficients of maize to water stress (λ1 to λ4) were determined by SPSS software. Results and Discussion: Evapotranspiration The effect of irrigation water amount and growth stage on the maize evapotranspiration amount was significant at the probability level of 1%. Evapotranspiration amounts at the initial, developmental, middle, and final of maize growth stages were estimated equal to 79, 201.8, 123.8 and 14.6 mm (in I0 treatment), 78.3, 196, 126.6 and 14.6 mm (in I1 treatment), 72, 173.6, 99 and 11.7 mm (in I2 treatment), 62.8, 147.5, 81.5 and 8.4 mm (in I3 treatment), respectively. Reduction of evapotranspiration compared to control treatment (I0) in the initial, developmental, middle, and final growth stages were estimated equal to 0.9, 2.8, 9, and 0 (in I1 treatment), 8.8, 14, 20, and 19.8 (in I2 treatment), 20.5, 26.9, 34.2 and 42.4 (in I3 treatment) percent, respectively. The results showed that the slope of evapotranspiration reduction was not the same at different irrigation levels. Also, the relative evapotranspiration of maize (in all growth seasons) at irrigation levels of I1, I2, and I3 were estimated equal to 95.6, 85, and 71.6 percent, respectively. Therefore, when applying water stress, the optimal evapotranspiration rate can be adjusted by selecting the suitable growth stage. Yield The effect of irrigation levels on the dry biomass yield of maize was significant at the level of 1% probability. The dry yield of maize in treatments of I0, I1, I2, and I3 were equal to 17.1, 15.8, 12.6, and 8.7 (tons per hectare), respectively. The relative yield of maize at irrigation levels of I1, I2, and I3 were estimated to be 92.4, 73.7, and 50.9 percent, respectively, in the Qazvin region. The reduction of soil available water affected the water uptake by the crop and reduced the yield of maize. Modeling of intra-seasonal sensitivity coefficients of water stress At the initial, developmental, middle, and final growth stages of maize, stress sensitivity coefficients of λ1, λ2, λ3, and λ4 were estimated in water stress treatments. The mean of mentioned coefficients in stress treatments was calculated to be 0.421, 1.37, 0.274, and 0.133, respectively. The results showed that during the development stage of maize growth, the effect of water stress on yield reduction was more. The model efficiency for estimating the amount of relative yield was evaluated. Evaluation statistics of R2, EF, RMSE, ME and CRM were estimated to be 0.998, 0.986, 2.753, 0.026 and 0.021, respectively. The results showed that the Jensen model efficiency was good, and it can be used in planning the low irrigation for different growth stages of maize. Yield-Evapotranspiration Function of Maize in all of the growth stages Across different irrigation levels, a simple linear relationship of Y=69.935ET-12281 (with a correlation coefficient of 0.999) was fitted between two parameters of evapotranspiration and dry biomass yield of maize. Therefore, using the above equation in low irrigation management, the amount of maize yield can be estimated based on the evapotranspiration amount. In this research, 175 mm evapotranspiration was needed for the production of the initial unit of maize biomass. That is, the transpiration portion in the above amount was negligible, and it was mostly allocated to the soil evaporation portion. Conclusion: The crop sensitivity to water stress and different needs to transpiration at different growth stages were the reasons for the different reduction of maize evapotranspiration. Reduction of soil available water reduced the water uptake and transpiration, and crop biomass. The results showed that reducing the water stress was effective in increase of maize evapotranspiration efficiency. In order to produce the maximum crop biomass, the sensitivity of the maize growth stage and the water stress level must be considered.
َA. H. Jalali; H.R. Salemi
Abstract
Introduction: In recent years, canola cultivation in Iran has been considered as oil production, and in 2014-2015, it has been allocated to 7.7% of the cultivation area of industrial products of the country. The yield of canola oil and seeds depends on the availability of sufficient water resources during ...
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Introduction: In recent years, canola cultivation in Iran has been considered as oil production, and in 2014-2015, it has been allocated to 7.7% of the cultivation area of industrial products of the country. The yield of canola oil and seeds depends on the availability of sufficient water resources during the growth period. In the Mediterranean, with the cultivation of canola autumn, the high- temperature occurs in the stages of formation and growth of seeds in the spring can increase the water requirement of this plant and irrigation management at this time is important in increasing plant yield. Due to the weather conditions of each area, type of variety and soil conditions may vary the need for canola. In one study in Hamedan water use efficiency of canola in two ways drip and furrow irrigation were calculated as 1.09 and 0.63 kg m-3, respectively. The present study was conducted with the purpose of evaluating the net water requirement of canola plant in different cities of Isfahan province into different climatic zones and considering the phonological stages. Materials and Methods: In order to estimate the net water requirement of canola under two different climates (arid-cold winter with temperatures above freezing point - hot summer A-C-W) and (Semi-arid-cold winter with a temperature equal to or less than zero-hot summer SA-K-W) in Isfahan province, a research was conducted in 2014-2015 using a completely randomized, unbalanced design. The study was carried out in different cities of Isfahan province, which have canola cultivation. The required statistical information was obtained from 28 stations of synoptic and climatologic meteorology in Isfahan province and some neighboring provinces. Soil data was used to calculate the soil evaporation coefficient (Ke), which describes the evaporation component in the trait (ETc). In order to calculate the soil properties, in addition to the sampling of existing fields, a database of 1600 soil profiles in the Soil and Water Research Department of Isfahan province was also used. The plant growth stages were considered based on FAO’s 56 irrigation and drainage journal. For analyzing data in each climate, a completely randomized, unbalanced design (with inequality repeat) was used, and the meanings were compared with Duncan’s multiple range test (at 5% level). Results and Discussion: There was a significant difference (α=1%) between the different cities in terms of total water consumption and the net water requirement of different phenological growth stages. In the SA-K-W climate, the net water requirement for each hectare of canola cultivated in the cities of Fereydoun Shahr, Friedan, Golpayegan, Khansari, Semirom, Tiran and Karvan, Shahreza, Chadegan, Dehaghan, and Boein va Mian Dasht was 3936, 4069, 4258, 4011, 3991, 4147, 3964, 3961, 4035 and 4055 m-3, respectively. In the SA-K-W climate (with ten cities), the net water requirement of canola was estimated at 4,000 m-3 ha-1. The difference between the highest and the least water requirement in this climate were 322 m-3 ha-1 and related to cities of Frieden and Fereydoun City, respectively. In the climate of A-C-W (12 cities), canola net water requirement was 892 m-3 ha-1 more than the net water requirement of this crop in the SA-K-W climate. On average, the initial, developmental, and (middle and final) net water requirements of the canola in the A-C-W climate were 540, 2150, and 2200 m-3 ha-1, respectively. The net irrigation requirement estimated for each ha-1 of canola cultivation in Isfahan, Ardestan, Khomeini Shahr, Falavarjan, Kashan, Lenjanat, Naein, Najaf Abad, Natanz, Shahin Shahr, Mobarakeh, and Borkhar cities was 4747. 4807. 4797, 5,105, 4885, 4908, 4750, 4785, 4974, 4971, 4879 and 5097 m-3, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results of the 10 cities in the SA-K-W climate, canola production per hectare requires an average of 4,000 cubic meters of net water per hectare. In the A-C-W climate of 12 cities, the average net water requirement per hectare was 4892 m-3. The difference in water requirement between this climate and the climate of SA-K-W was related to the middle and late stages of canola growth.
R. Saeidi; H. Ramezani Etedali; A. Sotoodehnia; .B Nazari; A. Kaviani
Abstract
Introduction: Supplying human and animal nutritional needs requires suitable use of water resources. Due to the decrease of fresh water resources for agriculture, saline water resources cannot be ignored. Increasing water salinity reduces the water absorption by plant, due to decreasing the water potential. ...
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Introduction: Supplying human and animal nutritional needs requires suitable use of water resources. Due to the decrease of fresh water resources for agriculture, saline water resources cannot be ignored. Increasing water salinity reduces the water absorption by plant, due to decreasing the water potential. On the other hand, soil infertility (such as nitrogen deficiency) decreases the evapotranspiration and crop yield. The present study was to increase the water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of maize, under salinity stress condition. This was done by managing the consumption of saline water and nitrogen fertilizer. In this research, irrigation requirement was determined proportional to the plant evapotranspiration to avoid excessive saline water use. Materials and Methods: In this research, two treatments of water salinity and nitrogen deficiency in four levels and three replications were implemented as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The studied plant was maize (S. C. 704 cultivar) sown in plots with dimensions of 3 × 3 meters and 1.5 meters distance. In this research, fertility stress was in the form of nitrogen fertilizer consumption and at four levels. Treatments of ، ، and consisted of consumption of 100, 75, 50 and 25% of nitrogen fertilizer, respectively. Salinity stress has been applied by irrigation of the plant with saline water. Water salinity treatments were selected based on the yield potential of maize, at four levels of 100, 90, 75 and 50%. According to the above four performance levels, treatments of ، ، and included irrigation water with electric conductivity of 0.5, 1.2, 3.5 and 7.5 (dS/m), respectively. The soil moisture content was measured at the depth of root development during the interval between two irrigations. Daily maize evapotranspiration was measured by the volumetric balance of water at the depth of root development. The stomata resistance of maize leaf was measured by the AP4 porometer device between two irrigations interval. Variance analysis and mean comparison of data were done by SPSS software and Duncan's multiple range test, respectively. Results and Discussion: Water use efficiency In this research, the evapotranspiration and dry matter yield of maize decreased under salinity stress and nitrogen deficiency treatments. This seems to be caused by the water potential decrease (due to salinity stress) and the nitrogen deficit in the soil. Under these conditions, optimum use of water and fertilizer increased water use efficiency. At first without water and fertilizer management, water use efficiency in different treatments ( to ), ranged from 2.74 to 4.4 kg/ (in 2017) and from 2.57 to 4.35 kg/ (in 2018). With suitable management of irrigation, water use efficiency, however, increased in stress treatments and approached to optimum treatment. The range of water use efficiency was from 4.2 to 4.4 kg/ (in 2017) and from 4.15 to 4.32 kg/ (in 2018). The reason for this was the management of irrigation volume based on actual evapotranspiration in stress treatments. On the other hand, increasing soil nitrogen was an appropriate strategy to increase water use efficiency. But in high salinity stress, despite the optimum use of water and fertilizer, it was not possible to achieve optimal water use efficiency. This is explainable by the harmful effect of salinity on the reduction of nutrient uptake (especially nitrogen) by the plant. Nitrogen use efficiency Soil nitrogen deficiency and increasing water salinity reduced nitrogen use efficiency. In different stress treatments, nitrogen use efficiency ranged from 3.34 to 5.11 kg/kg (in 2017) and from 3.06 to 5 kg/kg (in 2018). The results showed the destructive effect of salinity on nitrogen uptake by the plant. Under these conditions, the ions in the soil (especially the sodium and calcium) caused the plant to be unable to absorb nitrogen from the soil. Therefore, the production of plant matter was reduced. The results showed that proper management of nitrogen can increase nitrogen use efficiency under salinity stress. At high salinity levels, the nitrogen fertilizer was not, however, absorbed by the plant and accumulated in the soil. Conclusion: The results showed that water use management could increase the water use efficiency under stress treatments, by controlling evapotranspiration. On the other hand, soil fertility increased nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency under salinity stress. Among all treatments, had optimum water and nitrogen use efficiency. Overall, the volume of water used in the field should be adjusted to the actual requirement of the plant to prevent excessive consumption under salinity stress. In addition, increasing soil nitrogen, rather than more irrigation water, appears to be a suitable strategy to increase crop yield.
Z. Saeidi; M. Heshmati Rafsanjani; J. Sarhadi; M.H. Shamshiri
Abstract
Introduction: The date bunch fading disorder causes huge loss on farmers' incomes and damages to economy of date producing regions. Thus it is important to find a way for controlling the disorder or reducing its economic damages. It seems that the water losses of the tree under critical environmental ...
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Introduction: The date bunch fading disorder causes huge loss on farmers' incomes and damages to economy of date producing regions. Thus it is important to find a way for controlling the disorder or reducing its economic damages. It seems that the water losses of the tree under critical environmental conditions, such as high temperature and very low air relative humidity, cause date bunch fading disorder especially when is accompanied by regional warm wind. According to the scientific literatures, the use of different covers on bunches, high-frequency irrigation, foliar application of mineral nutrients and anti-transpiring substances, and soil mineral fertilization can affect date palm bunch fading disorder. Superabsorbent polymers have great capability for storage water and can be used in soil to improve its water retention and increase soil available water under drought conditions. On the other hand, potassium has important roles in metabolism of carbohydrates, plant water relations as the major element in action mechanism of stomata, and plant water osmotic potential. Organic matter can also improve soil physical properties, i.e., soil structure and soil available water as well as soil fertility and bioavailability of mineral nutrients. Because of mentioned roles of these three factors, the effects of them on date palm bunch fading disorder were investigated in this research. Materials and Methods: The effects of superabsorbent, potassium fertilizer, and manure on yield and date bunch fading disorder of "Mazafati" date palm cultivar were investigated in Jiroft, Kerman province, south of Iran. An experiment was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design. The factors were included superabsorbent polymer A200 in 0 (S1), 200 (S2), and 300 (S3) g.tree-1 levels, potassium sulfate fertilizer in 0 (K1), 2 (K2), and 3 (K3) kg.tree-1 levels, and cow manure in 0 (O1), 65 (O2), and 130 (O3) kg.tree-1 levels. Treatments were applied in February in three blocks and harvest was done at the first half of August. The yield of intact fruits, the yield of dried and dropped fruits (collected in an elastic silicone wire cloth cover), and total yield were determined at the harvest time and date bunch fading disorder was calculated as weight percentage (the dried fruits weight was divided by the total fruits weight and multiplied by 100, in each plot). Weight, diameter, and length of fruits were measured and determined from a random sample containing 30 intact fruits per each plot (a tree). Statistical analysis was done by IBM SPSS Statistics version 25. Results and Discussion: According to the results, the block had no significant effect on any of studied parameters, on the other hand, the results showed significant effects of all three factors on all of the measured parameters including percentage of date bunch fading disorder, total fruits yield, intact fruits yield, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length, except fruit length by the manure factor, by ANOVA at the 0.01 level. Three factors interaction significantly affected only the fruit characteristics including weight, diameter, and length of fruit. About the intact and total fruits yield and date bunch fading disorder, interactions between superabsorbent and two other factors were statistically significant. The highest means of intact fruits yield were observed in S3K3 and S3O3 treatments (28.9 and 28.7 kg.tree-1) increased by 98% and 93% compared to S1K1 and S1O1 treatments, respectively; and they were also significantly higher than those of all other treatments. The maximum means of total yield were found in S3K3 and S3O3 treatments (35.0 and 26.8 kg.tree-1) increased by 33% and 28% compared to S1K1 and S1O1 treatments, respectively. The mean percentage of date bunch fading disorder was significantly decreased by increasing the levels of superabsorbent, potassium fertilizer, and manure factors in interactions between superabsorbent and two other factors (SK and SO interactions), thus the lowest mean of date bunch fading disorder percentage in both interactions was found in third levels of each factor (S3K3 and S3O3 treatments), decreased by 60% and 63% compared to S1K1 and S1O1 treatments, respectively. The lowest and the highest mean of fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length parameters were observed in S2K1O3 and S3K3O3 treatments, respectively. Negative significant correlations were found between percentage of date bunch fading disorder and total fruits yield, intact fruits yield, fruit moisture, fruit weight, fruit diameter, and fruit length, while the last six parameters had positive significant correlations with each other. In addition to common positive effects of three factors on water supply improvement, they can influence plant progress in different ways, such as carbohydrate metabolism and activation of some enzymes by potassium, and increasing of mineral nutrients availability and soil microbial activities by organic matter and manure. Therefore, these three factors could have some positive interactions on their effects on control of the disorder, increasing the yield, and improvement of weight and size of fruit. An observed decrease in weight and size of fruit by using 2nd level of superabsorbent and 3rd level of manure can be resulted from significant decrease in percentage of disorder and finally competition between safe fruits for potassium in carbohydrate metabolism and so on. Conclusion: According to the results of this research, applying of superabsorbent polymer (300 g.tree-1), potassium fertilizer (3 kg.tree-1), and manure (130 kg.tree-1) together can be recommended to improve qualitative parameters of date palm fruits (weight, length, and diameter). Applying the 3rd levels of these factors together can also control date bunch fading disorder cv. Mazafati, and increase the economic income because of qualitative improvement of fruits.
Fatemeh Fattahi-Naghani; Mahdi Ghobadinia; abdolrahman mohammadkhani; Mohamad reza Nori Emamzadeie
Abstract
Introduction: Change and decrease in atmospheric precipitation in recent years as well as increase in population and further demand for agriculture in the arid and semi-arid regions (such as Naghan) has led to a significant decrease in surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, achieving optimal utilization ...
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Introduction: Change and decrease in atmospheric precipitation in recent years as well as increase in population and further demand for agriculture in the arid and semi-arid regions (such as Naghan) has led to a significant decrease in surface and groundwater resources. Therefore, achieving optimal utilization of water in agriculture, new irrigation systems has been considered to gain the most crop yield with less amount of water consumption. Also cultivated area can be expanded by these systems, containing lands with irregular topography, due to the high water distribution uniformity. Besides developing irrigation system, irrigation management is an important tool for increasing crop productivity. Researchers have shown that applying deficit irrigation (DI) under drip system, has led to improve the quality of grape yield, decrease water consumption and increase water efficiency. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of irrigation system and water stress on water consumption, yield and physiological indices of grapes.
Materials and Methods: The study field was located in Naghan, Chaharmahal & Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Experiences were done during summer 2016, in a completely randomized block design, with four replications in a grapevine garden The treatments included: CTRL, Furrow irrigation as common method in the area (control), surface irrigation with 100% water requirement (SI100), surface irrigation with 60% water requirement(SI60), drip irrigation with 100% water requirement(DI100) and drip irrigation with 60% water requirement (DI100).At the beginning of the experiences, 20 vine trees were selected with average of 60 years old. The field was divided into blocks, and the treatments were applied, randomly. Then the blocks were set up for the surface and drip irrigation. As the next step, required water was collected in a reservoir to obtain constant and reliable amount of water. In the control treatment, irrigation schedule of the gardeners (custom of the region) were considered in which irrigation event was at the beginning of the season. Also, drip and surface irrigation treatments were according to the soil water deficit. At the end of the experiment, water use efficiency, product performance, RWC, number of cubes per cluster, the weight of the cube in the cluster, cluster length, the number of main branches of the cluster and also qualitative properties such as soluble solids (Brix), total acid and pH of grape juice were measured.
Results and Discussion: According to the results of qualitative traits, the amount of applied water significantly affected the grapes pH in the level of 5%. The lowest grapes pH was due to the control treatment and the highest to the surface irrigation 60%. Also, measuring total soluble solids (TSS) in grape indicated significant difference in 1% level which revealed that deficit and drip irrigation increased sugar in grapes and therefore quality of the crop. The results of quantitative traits showed the number of cubes in treatments had a significant difference at a probability level of 1%. Number of cubes in surface irrigation treatment 100% (SI100) had the highest value, while the quality of the crop was lower. The treatments differed significantly in weight of 100 cubes and the drip irrigation treatment 100% (DI100) did not have a significant difference with control treatment, while deficit irrigation resulted in reducing the crop weight. Relative water content of leaves (RWC) had the highest amount in the control treatment, while low water stress reduced this index. Wet and dry yields were highest in the control treatments (CTRL); while, the lowest amount was due to the low irrigation treatments of DI60 and SI60 with 19% and 34% reduction, respectively for the wet and dry yield. Drip irrigation with 100% water requirement (DI00) was not significantly different from the control treatment in most of the quality parameters, cluster and yield characteristics but had less water consumption and higher water use efficiency.
Conclusions: Regarding the conditions of the region and the reduction of water resources, an accurate and efficient plan for irrigation is needed. So, the common method of irrigating in the region was assessed, as well as new methods of applying drip system and deficit irrigation. The results of this study indicate that drip irrigation system with 100% water requirement has no significant difference with the conventional irrigation method in the region, on quality and quantity of the gape yield. However, applying the drip system reduced the water consumption by 40%, and increased efficiency. Hence, drip irrigation system is suggested to be replaced by the traditional system.
tahereh raiesi; bijan moradi; Behruz Golein
Abstract
Introduction: Citrus is the main fruit group grown in tropical as well as sub-tropical climate of more than 150 countries in the world. In Iran, the total area under citrus crops is 0.284 M ha with a production of 4.345 M ton and a productivity of 17 ton per ha. Citrus is also one of the most important ...
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Introduction: Citrus is the main fruit group grown in tropical as well as sub-tropical climate of more than 150 countries in the world. In Iran, the total area under citrus crops is 0.284 M ha with a production of 4.345 M ton and a productivity of 17 ton per ha. Citrus is also one of the most important horticultural products in Mazandaran, with 112,000ha devoted to its cultivation. Drought stress is frequent in Iran and is common in the dry summer periods in Mazandaran. Therefore, irrigation is essential during mentioned periods in this province. Irrigation scheduling and water requirement of the citrus crops are one of the main concerns of the citrus fruit production. Irrigating based on soil water potential (tensiometer) is one of the irrigation scheduling methodologies. In addition, fertilization is used to promote quantity and quality of fruit production. Potassium has a key role in the osmotic adjustment of plants and alleviate the effects of drought stress. Until now, studies on citrus to evaluate the effects of potassium fertilization to mitigate the negative effects of drought stress have not been conducted. In the present study, we hypothesised that K applications via soil could contribute to osmotic adjustment of citrus and alleviate the effects of drought stress. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different soil water potential and rate of potassium (K) application on biochemical indices and growth responses of Thomson navel (Citrus, sinensis (L.) osbeck) orange seedlings on Citrumelo rootstock.
Materials and Methods: This study site was located at the Citrus and Subtropical Fruit Research Center of Horticultural Science Research Institute (36°54′11″N, 50°39′30″E), with a mean annual rainfall of 1200 mm. Thomson navel trees (Citrus, sinensis (L.) were planted at 7 × 6m distances. Soil had a pH (soil-to-water suspension ratio of 1:2) of 6.2 and contained 14.3 g kg−1 organic C and CaCO3<1%. The texture of soil was clay loam. A two-year field study was conducted in a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four selected ranges of soil water potential, two levels of K application, and four replicates. Irrigations were scheduled using soil moisture tensiometers. The irrigation treatments were scheduled when soil water tensions reached 20, 40, and 60 kilopascal (kPa) on the tensiometers per treatment and results were compared with control (none irrigation) treatment. Soil water tensions of 20, 40, and 60 kPa correspond to soil water depletions of 17, 35, and 52%, respectively, of the available soil water for the studied soil. Levels of K fertilizer were 50 (k1) and 100 (K2) g K × age of tree. Potassium fertilizer was broadcast below the tree canopy in March. At the end of each year, yield, available K and some growth indices were measured. In addition, in the last year, proline, ionic leakage and electrical conductivity were also measured. All data were represented as mean of four replicates. Differences in yield, canopy diameter and available K among fertilizer and irrigation treatments and sampling years were analyzed using general linear model two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) in SAS 9.1. Since the mentioned attributes were measured during two years to take into account annual variation, we used ANOVA procedure for a combined analysis of data. The significance of differences between the mean of treatments were determined by using Duncan test. All the statistical analyzes were performed by SAS 9.2.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that irrigation increased the canopy diameter (P<0.05). Under K1 application, the tree yield was not significantly different (P≥0.05) between irrigation at different water potentials (I1, I2 and I3). However, the K effects on tree yield depended on soil water potential and the positive effects of K2 application were evident only in the I2 and I3 treatments. However, K2 application reduced the yield in irrigation treatments including I0 and I1 significantly (P<0.05) compared with K1 application. In addition, the results of the last year showed that proline and ionic leakage were increased (P<0.05) by reduce of water potential in irrigation time. However, double application of K (K2) increased (P<0.05) proline and decreased ionic leakage as compared with normal application of K (K1). Moreover, available K and electrical conductivity were increased (P<0.05) by excessive application of K and reduce of soil water potential.
Conclusion: In summary, regarding this experiment, irrigation at 60 kPa (depletion coefficient =52%) and potassium application rate of 50 g K × age of tree was the best treatment.
,fatmeh hashami; Ali Shahnazari; mahmood raeini; ali ghadami firouzabadi; Ebrahim Amiri
Abstract
The research as reported in related to simulation by WOFOST, predominately focused on traditional methods of deficit irrigation such as terms of percentage in full irrigation conditions or as evaluation of growth and development in certain days after irrigation. Also it should be noted that not only ...
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The research as reported in related to simulation by WOFOST, predominately focused on traditional methods of deficit irrigation such as terms of percentage in full irrigation conditions or as evaluation of growth and development in certain days after irrigation. Also it should be noted that not only these researches was based on a year plants, but also there isn’t any research of sunflower. So, in this research the ability of the last version of WOFOST in simulating of sunflower in DI and PRD in %75 and %55 levels is carried out in contrast to FI in two continued year so that crop coefficient of sunflower could be calculated and by this, the productivity of yield in Sari agricultural and natural resources research field could be achieved. The results of calibrations showed that crop coefficient which depends on weather, coordinates of region and physiologic and phonologic of plant is fixed among the simulation and irrigation coefficient are depend on irrigation treatment and their response in development of growth stages. Also the results showed that by decreasing the volume of water which given to plant, AMAXTB and KDIFTB decreased and adversely EFFTB is increase. Simulated seed yield and total biomass had normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) index less than 10%, coefficient of residual mass (CRM) index near zero, modeling efficiency (EF) about 0.98, correlation coefficient (R) about 0.96 and totally comparing the simulation and observation parameters showed that in the most statistical test done in the present study, the result in acceptable range which represented that WOFOST could be able to simulate the responses od sunflower in DI and PRD treatments by calibrated coefficient.
Salman Mirzaee; MirHassan Rasouli-Sadaghiani; Naser Miran
Abstract
Introduction: Citrus is an important fruit crop cultivated in tropical regions of the world with immense nutritional value and advised on daily basis in diet. In Iran, it is cultivated in high reaches of northern and southern regions. The low productivity has been ascribed mainly to the nutritional health ...
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Introduction: Citrus is an important fruit crop cultivated in tropical regions of the world with immense nutritional value and advised on daily basis in diet. In Iran, it is cultivated in high reaches of northern and southern regions. The low productivity has been ascribed mainly to the nutritional health of the plantations which is the most concern among farmers. To plan fertilization efficiently, it is necessary to know the desirable concentration of macro and micro nutrient in tissues that are representative of the plant’s nutritional status. Traditionally, to determine the optimum fertilizer doses the most appropriate method was to apply fertilizer on the basis of soil test and crop response studies (Regar and Singh, 2014) which defied the synergistic and antagonistic effects in relative availability of different essential nutrients from soil. The foliar nutrient concentration is considered most pertinent and reliable method to judge the well-being of a tree as it represents the in situ condition in a holistic way and is a very powerful tool for nutritional diagnosis to assess deficiency symptoms and make fertilizer recommendations (Filho, 2004). Because of the dynamic nature of the leaf tissue composition, strongly influenced by leaf age, maturation stage, and the interactions involving nutrient absorption and translocation, the tissue diagnosis may be a practice of difficult understanding and utilization (Walworth and Sumner, 1987). The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) developed by Beaufils (1973), expresses the result of foliar analysis through indices, which represent in a continuous numeric scale, the effect of each nutrient in the nutritional balance of plant. DRIS is advantageous as it presents continuous scale and easy interpretation; allows nutrient classification (from the most deficient up to the most excessive); can detect cases of yield limiting due to nutrient imbalance, even when none of the nutrient is below the critical level; and finally, allows to diagnose the plant nutritional balance through an imbalance index (Baldock and Schulte, 1996). Nutritional balance is an important factor in increasing the yield and improving the quality of horticultural products especially Citrus. Hence, the objective of this study was to determining the optimum level of the macro and micro nutrient elements and evaluating the nutritional status of Lisbon lemon and Perl tangerine in Dezful.
Materials and Methods: For this purpose, 30 Lisbon lemon and 30 Perl tangerine gardens were selected randomly from citrus gardens in Dezful. Leaf samples were collected from middle of terminal shoots of current year growth in the periphery of tree from in late September. Leaf samples were washed in detergent followed by tap water and distilled water. Leaves dried under shade and then dried in hot air oven at 70ºC for 48 hours. The dried leaves were grounded to fine powder by using mixer and stored in air tight butter paper bags for nutrient analysis. Kjeldahl method was followed to measure total nitrogen, and phosphorus was measured by vanado-molybdophosphoric yellow colour method using spectronic, while potassium was measured by flame photometric method. Other elements content was determined by atomic absorption system. The gardens were divided into two groups of low and high yielding. All forms expression and their variance into two groups and variance ratio the group of low to high yielding in tow type gardens were calculated. Then using DRIS calibration formula, DRIS index for nutrient elements with low yielding were determined and nutrient balance index (NBI) were calculated.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the optimum level in Lisbon lemon leaves were 2.97, 0.11, 1.85, 3.88 and 0.17% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and 200.5, 24.9, 23.9, 68.8, 32.9 mg.kg-1 for Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu and B, respectively. In addition, the optimum level in Perl tangerine leaves were 2.97, 0.09, 1.57, 3.44 and 0.34% for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and 167.2, 32.7, 26.1, 28.0, 48.4 mg.kg-1 for Fe, Zn,Mn, Cu and B, respectively.
Conclusion: In general, based on DRIS indices priority on the macro and micro nutrients as Fe > N > B > K >Mn> Ca > Mg = P > Cu > Zn for Lisbon lemon and B > Fe > K > Cu > N > Ca > Mg >Mn> Zn > P for Perl tangerine were determined. The NBI of all gardens with low yielding was more than zero, indicating an imbalance nutritional in low yielding gardens.
hamid reza mehrabadi; Ahmad Nezami; Mohammad Kafi; Malihe Ahmadifard
Abstract
Introduction: More plains of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and so agricultural production systems depend heavily on water. Recently, the reduction of water resources has become a serious threat for crop production such as cotton planting. Therefore, application of low irrigation methods ...
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Introduction: More plains of Iran are located in arid and semi-arid regions and so agricultural production systems depend heavily on water. Recently, the reduction of water resources has become a serious threat for crop production such as cotton planting. Therefore, application of low irrigation methods can be an appropriate method to cope with mentioned condition. In addition, it is vital to identify the cotton cultivars reaction to water deficiency. Sensibility of some cotton cultivars is lower than others. Sensitive cultivars seed cotton yield decreases more than tolerant cotton cultivars. Moreover, some of growth stages in cotton plant are more sensitive to water deficiency stress. For example, flowering stage is more sensitive than vegetative growth stage, and boll number per plant is more effective parameter on yield than boll weight. Ulla and et al (2) showed that there are genetic variations for drought stress toleration in cotton plant. Afshar and Mehrabadi (3) indicated that low irrigation on the basis of 50% and 75% of cotton water requirement had no significant effect on vegetative growth of cotton plant. However, it caused the increase of flower and boll shedding per plant. Application of tolerant cultivars compared with sensitive cultivars can increase seed cotton yield under drought stress condition. Consequently, the aim of this study is to survey yield and related morphological traits reactions in sensitive and tolerant cotton cultivars to different water deficiency levels.
Materials and methods: Two tolerant cotton cultivars (Armagan and Varamin) and two sensitive cotton cultivars (Coker349 and Nazili84) as a subplot at three irrigation levels (as a main plot) using split plot design based on complete block design with three replications were carried out at Agricultural Research Station of Kashmar in 2011. Three levels of water consumption based on Penman-Montith method and using cotton KC coefficients were [33% (I33%), 66% (I66%) and 100% (I100% of water requirement)] that it were take placed using drip irrigation method. Yield and yield components traits such as height, the number of boll per plant, boll weight, flower and boll shedding percent, seed cotton yield, biological yield, earliness percent and harvest index were determined at the end of experiment. Data analysis was carried out using Excel and MSTAT-C software.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that although water deficiency stress decreased vegetative components, the amounts of decreasing were higher in tolerant cultivars than sensitive cultivars but, by contrast, the reproductive components of tolerant cultivars indicated lower decreasing than sensitive cultivars under water deficiency stress. For example, Varamin cotton cultivar had more number of bolls per plant than Coker349 as a sensitive cultivar. The results also showed that more retention of boll number per plant was the main factor of cultivars difference as for seed cotton yield. The highest number of boll and flower per plant retention belonged to sensitive cultivars such as Coker349 and Nazili (71.2 and 69 percent, respectively) at 66 percent of water consumption and the lowest number of boll and flower per plant retention were 92.3 percent belonging to Varamin as a tolerant cotton cultivar at full water irrigation treatment. The results indicated that all yield components except boll weight were significantly affected by low irrigation levels. In addition, the results revealed that low shedding of flower and boll and accordingly more retention of boll number per plant and also biomass preservation under drought stress were the main factor in yield of tolerant cultivars in comparison with sensitive cultivars. Biological yield reduction was higher than seed cotton yield under water stress condition. High and significant correlation was observed among yields with boll number per plant, biological yield and harvest index under drought stress. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between yield with plant height and biological yield only in full irrigated treatment. Furthermore, harvest index decreased significantly under drought stress. Harvest index value for Coker349 was significantly lower than other cultivars. Coefficient correlation between harvest index and yield and its components showed that harvest index was more dependent with seed cotton yield to biological yield. Therefore, tolerant cultivars had higher seed cotton yield and also biological yield in comparison with sensitive cultivars. While there was a significant correlation between yield with plant height and biological yield only in full irrigated treatment.
A. Shahnazari; M. Rezaiyan
Abstract
Introduction: Deficit irrigation (DI) is a suitable solution to gain acceptable and economic performance by using minimum amount of water. The partial root zone drying (PRD) method introduced in Australia for the first time and its goal was controlling the vine’s excessive growth. This goal gained ...
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Introduction: Deficit irrigation (DI) is a suitable solution to gain acceptable and economic performance by using minimum amount of water. The partial root zone drying (PRD) method introduced in Australia for the first time and its goal was controlling the vine’s excessive growth. This goal gained by alternative drying the rootzone. Basically the theory of PRD method, is expanding the plant’s roots by applying alternative stress on different sides of the roots. So the plants with PRD irrigation method can have different root system in comparison with other irrigation methods. At this method the plant’s condition would be OK by uptaking water from wet side, and the roots at the dry side can release abscisic acid hormone which decrease the stomatal conductance and consequently the water use efficiency would be increase.There had been studies on the effect of water tension on strawberry. The previous studies on strawberry indicated that the water stress can increase the plant’s brix concentration and some of plant acids.The awareness of the impact of water deficit stress on strawberry plant quantity and quality is essential for irrigation and product management, and at the current study, effect of different deficit irrigation methods on quantitative and qualitative traits of strawberry have been evaluated. The focus at the current study was on the qualitative traits.
Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in one of strawberry farms of Babolsar city in 2012 to evaluate the effects of deficit irrigation and partial root zone drying on quantitative and qualitative traits of strawberry plants. Three Irrigation treatments were studied: Full Irrigation (FI), Regulated Deficit Irrigation (RDI75%) at 75% level of plants water requirementand Partial Root zone Drying (PRD75%) at 75% level of plants water requirement. The study was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Irrigation was continued until the soil moisture reached to field capacity. The field capacity point’s moisture was measured by using pressure plate equipment. By having the soil moisture curve and measuring the soil suction with tensiometer, the soil moisture situation determined. According to the point that the strawberry’s root is about 25 centimeters (cm), the tensiometers were installed at 2 depths next to the plant. The 1st depth was 8 cm and the 2nd one was 23 cm. The distance between tensiometers and the plant were 4 cm. 2 stochastic replication at the field were considered for the tensiometers positions. In order to deliver precise amount of water to irrigation treatments, the volume counters had been used. The water was applying by using drip tapes. The flow from the emitters on the drip tapes was 2.9 liters per hour. The harvest time was from May 5th to June 20th. To measure the performance, each shrub’s strawberries were weighted separately.Depth of irrigation water during the whole irrigation season for full and deficit irrigation treatments were 341 and 256 mm, respectively. Evaluating the effect of treatments was conducted by measuring the quantitative and qualitative traits of fruits at harvesting time.For analyzing the data, the SAS software and to plot the graphs, the Excel software were used. The SNK test (5% level) was used to comprise the treatments’ traits.
Results and Discussion: Quantitative traits consisted of fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, leaf area index and yield in FI was higher significantly than deficit irrigation treatments. In comparison with the qualitative traits consisted of titratable acid, acidity and flavor of the fruit there was no significant difference between treatments. The leaf area index (LAI) at RDI and PRD were lower than the FI. Its reason could be the growth’ reducing as a result of abscisic acid (ABA) hormone’s release in the roots which can control the growth. The amount of total sugar (brix) and anthocyanin in RDI were significantly higher than the other two treatments.
Conclusion: The comparison between irrigation treatments indicated that the best quantitative results were at FI treatment. By considering the quantitative and qualitative traits, PRD had the nearest results to FI. At the water stress conditions, applying PRD method at 75% level would be a good management technic to have better performance and increasing the fruit quality. In Mazandaran Province condition, using this method would be a good way to minimize the quantitative losses and increasing the quality of fruits at stress condition.
ali asghar ghaemi; B. Zamani
Abstract
Introduction: Barley is very important to feed humans, livestock, medical, industrial uses, especially in fermentation industries. In Iran, barley crop cultivation was nearly 1.4 million hectares withits production of 1.3 million tons in 2003 (2). Barelyis the oldest crops to environmental stresses such ...
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Introduction: Barley is very important to feed humans, livestock, medical, industrial uses, especially in fermentation industries. In Iran, barley crop cultivation was nearly 1.4 million hectares withits production of 1.3 million tons in 2003 (2). Barelyis the oldest crops to environmental stresses such as drought and salinity resistance (3).The different barely growth stages with extreme water requirement can benoted in germination stage, stem elongation, heading the production stage, the stage of flowering and seed production. Typically, for spring and autumn barely respectively 3 and 4 to 5 times irrigation is done during the growing season. The barley water requirement over its life is between 4 and 7 thousand cubic meters and 518 liters of water is needed to produce one kilogram of dry matter. Due to limited water resources and low rainfall in Iran, efficient use of water is absolutely essential and the maximum water utilization must be achieved by applying a minimum amount of water in agriculture. One of the ways to increase productivity in agricultural water is deficit irrigation.Deficit irrigation is an optimization strategy for water use efficiency in irrigation.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the simultaneous effect of fertilizer treatments (150, 225 and 75 kg/ ha) and water at three different levels (100%, 75% and 50% of crop water requirement) at different growth stages on leaf area index, weight fresh and dried herb and plant nitrogen concentration and the effect of irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield components and productivity of water use.
Materials and Method: This research was conducted in Shiraz University in fall 2012 to study the effect of interaction of deficit irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer on yield, yield component and water use efficiency and nitrogen concentration in different stages of barley (Bahman species) growth. This experiment were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with s plit-plot layout with three deficit irrigation treatments ( consisted of irrigation with 100% ,75% and 50% of crop water consumption use) and three nitrogen fertilizer treatments (included 75 kg/ha, 150 kg/ha and 225 kg/ha) with three replication. A total of 27 experimental plots were carried out. In each plot, 11-row barley with 30 cm spacing apart and 5 cm depth were planted by hand. Barley seeding rates on the basis of 200 kg per hectare were planted in each experimental plots in the first half of November.Nitrogen requirement was applied in three stages of the growth: 30% before cultivation, 40% in shooting stage and 30% in barleyclusterstage.Irrigation treatments included 100% = W1, in this treatment 100% treatment crop water requirement was estimated by neutron meter (this was the control treatment which received muchwater as neededand no water stress in all growth stages),75% = W2: in this treatment 75% of the crop water requirement was applied, and 50% = W3: the 50% of the crop water requirement plant was applied. During differentgrowth stages plant required data were collected and the parametersinclude: grain yield, biological yield, straw yield, number of grains per spike, spike per unit area, grain protein, harvest index, 1000 grain weight, number of unfilled and filled grain per spike and efficiency of water use were determined . Tests to determine the percentage of leaf nitrogen and protein was measured by kjeldahldevice(6405UV / VIS). The software SAS (version.9.1) was used to analyze data and graphs were drawn in Excel.
Results and Discussion: results showed that the highest yield,yield component was obtained on 100% irrigation and 225 kg/ha fertilizer treatments. Also it was observed that at the certain level of irrigation treatment by increasing the amount of nitrogen fertilizer the amount of this parameters will be increased.Result also showed that at the certain level of nitrogen fertilizer by decreasing water, the maximum plant response to the nitrogen fertilizer consumption will be decreased gradually in most cases, 225 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatment caused most of crop yield parametersbut the differences of crop yield at this treatment with 150kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatment wasnot significant. Water use efficiency for 50% deficit irrigation treatment was 0.77 and for 100% irrigation treatment was 0.55. Regarding the results obtained from this study andexisting water crisis problem in Iran, it can be noted that the irrigation ofbarley should not be exceeded more than the 100% of crop water consumption use but using 75% of water requirement is suggestive. Also using 150kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatment is more suitable for the area.
Conclusion: This study was conducted in order to determinethe yield performance of barley (Bahmanspecies)inBadjgah (Fars Provience)using three different irrigation treatments of 100, 75 and 50 percent of crop water requirement (based on the total available water plant) and three nitrogen treatments include 225, 150 and 75 kg/ ha in the spring and autumn cultivation. In terms of deficit irrigation, during the growing season crop will interface with different intensities and durations of water stress. This tension changes in response to nitrogen fertilizer by plant that creates unpredictable and in some cases is not always the same.Statistical analysis showed that there are significant differencesbetweenthe different treatments of irrigation, nitrogen fertilizer and their interaction.Applying 75% of barley water requirement is suggestive. Also using 150kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer treatment is more suitable for the study area.
mohammad karimi; J. Baghani; M. Joleini
Abstract
Introduction: One of the serious problems in the further development of maize cultivation is increasing irrigation efficiency. Using conventional irrigation causes a shortage of water resources to increase the acreage of the crop. With regard to the development of maize cultivation, agronomic and executable ...
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Introduction: One of the serious problems in the further development of maize cultivation is increasing irrigation efficiency. Using conventional irrigation causes a shortage of water resources to increase the acreage of the crop. With regard to the development of maize cultivation, agronomic and executable methods must be studied to reduce water consumption. Using drip irrigation system is most suitable for row crops. Hamedi et al. (2005) compared drip (tape) and surface irrigation systems on yield of maize in different levels of water requirement and indicated that drip irrigation increases the amount of yield to 2015 kg/ha and water use efficiency to 3 time. Kohi et al. (2005) investigated the effects of deficit irrigation use of drip (tape) irrigation on water use efficiency on maize in planting of one and two rows. The results showed that maximum water use efficiency related to crop density, water requirement and planting pattern 85000, 125% and two rows, respectively with 1.46 kg/m3. Jafari and Ashrafi (2011) studied the effects of irrigation levels, plant density and planting pattern in drip irrigation (tape) on corn. The results showed that the amount of irrigation water and crop density on the level of 1% and their interactions and method of planting were significant at the 5 and 10% on water use efficiency, respectively. The yield was measured under different levels of irrigation, crop density and method of planting and the difference was significant on the level of 1%. Lamm et al. (1995) studied water requirement of maize in field with silt loam texture under sub drip irrigation and reported that water use reduced to 75%; but yield of maize remained at maximum amount of 12.5 t/ha. The objective of this study was to evaluate the drip (tape) irrigation method for corn production practices in the Qazvin province in Iran.
Materials and Methods: In this study, yield and yield components of corn (SC 704) were investigated under different levels of irrigation water in drip tape systems in one and two rows planting patterns with different plant densities. The experiment was conducted on randomized complete blocks as a split plot (Split block) design with 3 replicates in the Qazvin region. Four levels of irrigation including: 80, 100 and 120 percent of water requirement with drip irrigation (tape) and 100% water requirement with furrow irrigation (control treatment) as main plots and method of planting (one and two rows) with three levels of crop density including: 75000, 90000 and 105000 as subplots were considered. After harvesting, grain yield, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per ear row, number of grains per ear and 1000-kernel weigh were measured.
Results and Discussion: The results of simple variance analysis of attributes showed that the method of planting has a significant difference on the level of 5% for grain yield, but on the other the measured attributes did not have any significant effect. The respective effect of planting method and crop density showed a significant difference on the level of 5% for grain yield, number of kernels per ear and the 1000-grain weight, whereas it did not have any significant effect on the other measured attributes. The respective effects of irrigation method, planting method and crop density showed a significant difference on the level of 1% for the attributes of the number of kernels per ear. The planting in one row resulted in significantly higher grain yields than the other planting patterns. In mean comparisons of the interactions between irrigation methods, crop density and planting method, grain yield in drip irrigation at a level of 120% water requirement in the two rows planting pattern and crop density equal to 75000 plants was shown in the lead on the level of 10%. The results showed that the yields of the treatments were only affected by the method of planting and planting of one row lead the planting of two rows. According to means comparison and water use efficiency in each of the treatments and limitation of water resources, one row planting pattern with crop density equal to 90000 under drip irrigation at 80% and 120% (If there is no water restrictions) of water requirement were suitable.
Conclusion: According to the table of variance analysis, it can be seen that the effect of irrigation on corn grain yield was not significant. Research results of Sorensen and Butts (2005) and Azari et al. (2007) have also confirmed this subject. The grain yield in one row planting method was superior compared to two rows planting method. The superiority of one ton per hectare was statistically significant and substantial. Grain yields varied from 5360 to 12873 kg/ha among the treatments: in drip irrigation at a level of 120% water requirement in the two rows planting pattern and crop density equal to 75000 plants per hectare was 12873 kg/ha and the lowest yield was found in drip irrigation at a level of 80% water requirement in the two-row planting pattern and crop density equal to 75000 plants per hectare as 5360 kg/ha. With regard to mean comparisons of grain yield under the effects of interaction, and water use efficiency for each treatments, I1R1D2, I3R1D2, I1R1D1 and I2R2D3 treatments seem better than others.
hojjat ghorbani vaghei; Hosseinali Bahrami; R. Mazhari; A. Heshmatpour
Abstract
Introduction: Maintaining soil moisture content at about field capacity and reducing water loss in near root zone plays a key role for developing soil and water management programs. Clay pot or porous pipe is a traditional sub-irrigation method and is ideal for many farms in the world’s dry land with ...
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Introduction: Maintaining soil moisture content at about field capacity and reducing water loss in near root zone plays a key role for developing soil and water management programs. Clay pot or porous pipe is a traditional sub-irrigation method and is ideal for many farms in the world’s dry land with small and medium sized farms and gardens and is still used limitedly in dry lands of India, Iran, Pakistan, the Middle East, and Latin-America. Clay capsule is one of porous pipes in sub irrigation that is able to release water in near root zone with self- regulative capacity. Watering occurs only in amounts that the plants actually need (this amount is equal to field capacity) and released water in near root zone without electricity or use of an automatic dispenser.
Materials and Methods: A study was carried out in 2013 on the experimental field of agriculture faculty of Tarbiat Modares University, to study the effect of two irrigation types on qualitative and quantitative characters in grape production (Vitis vinifera L.). In order to provide the water requirement of grape plant were used porous clay capsules for sub irrigation with height and diameter of 12 cm and 3.5 cm and dripper with Neta film type for drip irrigation, respectively. Porous clay capsules provided from soil science group at Tarbiat Modares University. In this research, the volume of water delivered to grape plants during entire growth period in two different irrigation methods was measured separately with water-meters installed at all laterals. The water consumption, yield production and water use efficiency were evaluated and compared in two drip and porous clay irrigation systems at veraison phonological stages. In the veraison stages, cluster weight, cluster length, solid solution and pH content were measured in grape fruits. Leaf chlorophyll content and leaf water content were also measured in two irrigation systems.
Results and Discussion: The results of fruit quality characteristics showed that cluster weight, cluster length, solid solution and pH content has not significant different at 5% level in two system irrigation. Also, the foliar analysis showed that chlorophyll content and relative humidity of leaf has not been affected in two irrigation systems. Meanwhile, irrigation types were significantly effect on water consumption and water use efficiency. The average water consumption and yield production with buried clay capsules and drip irrigation methods on grapevine plant were 4050 and 6668 M3.ha-1 and 14.2 and 14.8 Ton.ha-1 respectively. The reducing water consumption with buried clay capsules irrigation method in related to drip irrigation was 39% on grapevine plants. Meanwhile, the average yield production with buried clay capsules and drip irrigation methods on grapevine plant was 14.2 and 14.8 Ton.ha-1 respectively. Also, the statistics analysis show that the yield and component yield have not significant different at 5% level in the surface and subsurface irrigation. According to the water consumption and yield production, using buried porous clay capsules created a better water use efficiency than drip irrigation method. In other words, Iran has been localized at arid and semi arid and have huge water consumption in agriculture, and therefore it is necessary to optimize water consumption especially in agriculture using new technology. According to the results of this research, using buried porous clay capsules is recommended in order to optimize water consumption for grape plants in different place in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran.
Conclusion: The purpose of an efficient irrigation system is to apply the water in such a way that the largest fraction thereof is available for beneficial use by the plant. According to the experimental results reported here, it could be concluded that the reducing water consumption with buried clay capsules irrigation method in related to drip irrigation was 39% on grapevine plants. Meanwhile, the average yield production with buried clay capsules and drip irrigation methods on grapevine plant was 14.2 and 14.8 Ton.ha-1 respectively. Also, the statistics analysis show that the yield and component yield have not significant different at 5% level in the surface and subsurface irrigation. The final result, it could be concluded that the porous clay capsules have a good ability to providing water requirement of grape plant. The grape irrigation in huge area of Iran is doing with a traditional method and the authors of this work believe that porous clay capsules have a high water saving potential and good capability for irrigation of various types of crops.
Keywords: Grape plant, Porous pipe, Soil moisture, Water use efficiency, Yield
Abstract
Biofertilizers can be used as complementary in sustainable agriculture. The main target of this study was effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and yield components in two soil types. Experimental design as the factorial formed completely randomized design ...
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Biofertilizers can be used as complementary in sustainable agriculture. The main target of this study was effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on wheat yield and yield components in two soil types. Experimental design as the factorial formed completely randomized design with three replications was executed. Experiment Factors included two soil types (sandy loam and clay loam) and 9 fertilizer treatments. For the experiment implementation used 100 gram per hectare of Nitrokara (Azorhizobium caulinodans) and Barvar 3 phosphorus (Pseudomonas putida, Strain P13, Pantoea agglomerans, Strain P5 and Pseudomonas putida, Strain MC1) biofertilizers in single and combined forms by method of seed inoculation. The results showed positive effects of clay loam type and inoculation of two biofertilizer types especially in the presence of 50% of chemical fertilizers on shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number of grains per spike, 1000 grain weight and wheat grain yield. The results showed 100% chemical fertilizer and phosphorus biofertilizer in combination with 50 % of chemical fertilizer treatments showed the highest effect in most characteristics and control treatment showed the lowest effect in this characteristics. Nitrokara biofertilizer in combination with 50% of chemical fertilizer had the maximum 1000 grain weight. Phosphorus biofertilizer in combination with 50% of chemical fertilizer on wheat yield and yield components showed a better effect than Nitrokara biofertilizer.The results of this research showed by combining biological and chemical fertilizers can reduce consumption of chemical fertilizers.
M.A. Khalaj; F. Moshiri; Hadi Asadi Rahmani
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate N2-fixing ability of rhizobia strains inoculated with common bean. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 13 treatments including 10 Rhizobium isolates, two nitrogen fertilizer levels (200 and 400 kg urea per ha) and one control ...
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This study was conducted to evaluate N2-fixing ability of rhizobia strains inoculated with common bean. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 13 treatments including 10 Rhizobium isolates, two nitrogen fertilizer levels (200 and 400 kg urea per ha) and one control (without Nitrogen and rhizobium) in four replications at Esmaeel Abad research station of Qazvin. Plant sampling was done in two growth stages and nodule number and dry weight, shoot dry weight and total N-uptake and seed yield were evaluated. Results of two years field experiment showed that isolate L-75 showed the superior N2-fixing performance and had the highest positive effect on growth factors and could be recommended to use as inoculants strain in Qazvin region. This isolate, produced highest nodule number and dry weight in both years of study. Seed yield production was promoted by 26 and 40% more than control by application of isolate L-75 in the first and second year, respectively. This study showed that inoculation of common bean with effective rhizobia strains resulted in promoting of plant growth and seed yield production and have the benefit to reduce nitrogen fertilizer application in bean cropping.
A. Hassanoghli
Abstract
Produced sludge from wastewater treatment plants is a source of macro and micro nutrients and organic matters which is needed for agriculture. On the other hand, application of sludge with no criterion may cause some health risks and also, soil and surface water and ground water resources pollution may ...
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Produced sludge from wastewater treatment plants is a source of macro and micro nutrients and organic matters which is needed for agriculture. On the other hand, application of sludge with no criterion may cause some health risks and also, soil and surface water and ground water resources pollution may be followed. In this regards, the effect of different amounts of sewage sludge used as organic fertilizer in compare with chemical fertilizers on transport of minerals below the root zone and yield and yield components in soybean cultivation were studied. Therefore, 15 cylindrical plastic soil culomns with a height of 100 cm and 60 cm diameter were constructed and drainage PVC pipes with geotextile filter were installed for all of them. The sludge of Ekbatan housing complex wastewater treatment plant after processing and digestion was taken place and used. The culomns were filled by a Clay Loam textured soil and Soybean (Williams variety) was planted. Treatments include three levels of wastewater sludge fertilizer (10, 25 and 50 ton/ha), chemical fertilizers (150 kg/ha ammonium phosphate and 50 kg/ha urea) and control without using fertilizer in three replications. According to the results, the highest mean amount of nitrate in drainage water of culomns (base on split plot through time as statistical completely randomized design) was 57.17 mg/lit in the early season and treatment related to the use of sludge was 50 ton/ha. The lowest mean value of nitrate obtained from the control in the end of cultivation season and was 3.51 mg/lit. The most yield of Soybean was 277.85 gr grains per culomn which obtained from use of 50 ton/ha of manure sludge. The greatest weight of 1000 grains and the number of pods with values of 127.42 gr and 856 in number, measured in this treatment too. Application of 25 ton/ha sludge, chemical fertilizers and 10 ton/ha sludge were after it, respectively. So, the highest use of sewage sludge on soybean cultivation (at the rate of 50 ton/ha), transfer the highest amount of nitrate below the root zone and led to the best yield indicators
F. Ehsanpour; Sh. Kiani; alireza hosseinpuor
Abstract
Low phosphorus use efficiency in calcareous soils is one of the problems of wheat production in the fields, all over the world. This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and phosphorus (P) levels on the yield and P use ...
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Low phosphorus use efficiency in calcareous soils is one of the problems of wheat production in the fields, all over the world. This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) and phosphorus (P) levels on the yield and P use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out with two factors of type of nitrogen fertilizer (1- control: with no added N fertilizer, 2 and 3- ammonium sulfate fertilizer (ASF) with and without nitrification inhibitor DMPP, 4 and 5- ammonium sulphate nitrate fertilizer (ASNF) with and without nitrification inhibitor DMPP with rate of 100 mg N Kg-1 soil) and different levels of P (0, 30, 60 and 90 mg P kg-1 soil) on spring wheat cv. Pishtaz during 2010 at ShahreKord University with three replicates. According to results, application of nitrification inhibitor DMPP with both of ASF and ASNF resulted to meaningful increase of soil available P at the end of experiment as well as significant increase of NH4+ and also significant decrease of NO3- in the soil during experiment as compared to similar treatments but without NI. The results indicated that application of nitrification inhibitor DMPP with ASNF at all P applied led to significant increase (P
Saeid Boroomand Nasab; Mohammad javad khangani
Abstract
Deficit irrigation is an optimization strategy for water use efficiency in irrigation. This research was conducted to evaluation effect of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn. Research was conducted on Shahid Bahonar University ...
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Deficit irrigation is an optimization strategy for water use efficiency in irrigation. This research was conducted to evaluation effect of deficit irrigation (DI) and partial root zone drying (PRD) on yield, yield components and water use efficiency of corn. Research was conducted on Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman in the spring of 2010 using a completely randomized block design with one control, 18 deficit irrigation treatment and three blocks. Deficit irrigation treatments were included: mild water stress (irrigation with درصد75 ETP), high water stress (irrigation with %50 ETP), fixed every other furrow irrigation and three partial root zone drying (Change the wet furrows in every irrigation, Change the wet furrows in every other irrigation and change the wet furrows in every second irrigations). Every treatment was applied at three growth stages of corn (all periods of growth, vegetative growth stage and reproductive growth stage). The highest biological yield obtained 32431 and the lowest was 17654 kg per hectare. The highest grain yield was 12115 kg per hectare and the lowest was 7163. Water use efficiency (km grain yield per cubic meter of water) for the control treatment was equal to 1.16 and for partial root zone drying with change the wet furrows in every irrigation (14 days) in all periods of growth treatment was equal to 2.13. Results showed that partial root zone drying with one interval irrigation (14-day) was the best choice to apply deficit irrigation on corn.
Sh. Kiani
Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the nitrogen uptake, yield components, yield and grain protein content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Bahar during 2011 at ShahreKord University. A factorial experiment ...
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A pot experiment was conducted to elucidate the effects of nitrification inhibitor (NI) 3, 4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) on the nitrogen uptake, yield components, yield and grain protein content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Bahar during 2011 at ShahreKord University. A factorial experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out with two factors of type of N fertilizer (1- control with no added N fertilizer, 2-urea 3- ammonium sulphate nitrate (ASN) and 4- ASN plus DMPP) and soil type (10 soils) with three replications. The results indicated that application of nitrification inhibitor DMPP with ASN led to significant increase (P
A.R. Tavakoli
Abstract
The main purpose of rainfed farming is increasing the water productivity by applying suitable agricultural management including single irrigation (SI) and panting time for wheat varieties. In order to study the SI optimization and determination its optimal program, a field experiment was conducted as ...
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The main purpose of rainfed farming is increasing the water productivity by applying suitable agricultural management including single irrigation (SI) and panting time for wheat varieties. In order to study the SI optimization and determination its optimal program, a field experiment was conducted as split-split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications for different wheat varieties at main station of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute (DARI), Maragheh, Iran, during two crop seasons of 2000-2004. The treatments included three panting time, three SI and five wheat varieties (V1=72YRRGP, V2=Fenkang 15/Sefid (seed white), V3=Turkey, 13//F9.10/Maya”S”, V4=Azar2, V5=double cross shahi). On based of water productivity indices, rain water productivity (RWP), irrigation water productivity (IWP), and total water productivity (TWP) optimal program of single irrigation scenarios was 100mm at early, 75mm at normal and 50mm at late sowing date. V3 wheat variety was better than other varieties. At this single irrigation program, maximum single irrigation water productivity (11.3 – 21.3 kg.mm-1) in producing grain yield and stabilized wheat production were obtained
