fateme Hasanzadeh Naranjboni; reza ebrahimi; B. Moradi; T. Raiesi
Abstract
Introduction: Type and source of fertilizer in fruit trees nutrition play an important role in increasing yield and fruit quality, shelf-life prolonging and reducing waste in harvested fruit. Evaluation of the possibility of integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers or gradual replacement of ...
Read More
Introduction: Type and source of fertilizer in fruit trees nutrition play an important role in increasing yield and fruit quality, shelf-life prolonging and reducing waste in harvested fruit. Evaluation of the possibility of integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers or gradual replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic manures is necessary in nutrition of kiwi vines, due to environmental issues resulted due to application of chemical fertilizers as well as increasing market value of organic fruits. Studies in this regard, especially comparison between organic manure and chemical fertilizer effects in kiwi fruit production is very limited. Therefore,this research was performed to investigate the short-term effects of four types of organic fertilizers as compared to chemical fertilizers over the amount of nutrients in leaves and fruits in Kiwi- Hayward variety.
Materials and Methods:This short-term field research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with six treatments including (azola, azocompost,vermicompost, cow manure, chemical fertilizer and control treatments) and four replications inHorticultural Science Research Institute, Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center in Ramsar.Fertilizers were mixed with topsoil in canopy,weed control and drop irrigation was performed. The amount of nutrients, including nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in kiwi leaves and fruits were measured. In addition, relationship between nutrients in leaves and fruit yield was examined. The correlation analysis between mineral elements and the characteristics of qualitative and quantitative fruit firmness, dry matter, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and ratio of soluble solids to titratable acidity was performed. Stepwise regression equation between treatments with nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium was written on kiwifruit leaves and fruit. In addition, stepwise regression, the overall equation between yield and nutrient content of kiwifruit were reported.
Result and Discussion: The results showed that concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in leaves and fruits in Kiwi trees are higher than control treatment and the amounts of these elements in leaves and fruit werein optimum condition. Fertilization increased the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium in leaves and fruit of kiwifruit trees in fertilizer treatments, compared to the control. Azocompost treatment had the highest amount of nitrogen and calcium in leaves and fruit compared to other treatments. Azocompost and vermicompost treatments had the highest potassium content in the leaf. As well as cow manure, vermicompost and Azocompost treatments resulted in the highest amount of potassium in fruit. Increasing theamount of nutrients in the leaves of kiwifruit had a direct impact. The correlation between the amount of elements in the leaves and fruit showed a direct and significant relationship between nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium leaves and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fruits. Increasing of nutrients in kiwifruit leaves had a direct and positive impact on fruits. In stepwise regression equation there was a significant relationship between the yield andamounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and kiwi fruit trees, and by increasing of these elements and yield wasincreased. Correlation analysis between minerals and firmness in kiwifruit showed that there are negative correlations between the nitrogen content in mature fruit and firmness at harvest time at probability level 5 percent. In addition, positive and significant correlation between the calcium content in mature fruit and firmness, as well as between the percentage of dry matter and phosphorus and potassium contents of mature fruit at harvest time was obtained. Results showed that a significant negative correlation was between soluble solids with calcium and between titratable acidity with phosphorus, and of soluble solids ratio to titratable acidity with nitrogen and phosphorus the mature fruit at harvest mature fruit.
Conclusion: In general, according to these research results we can say that use of organic fertilizers like chemical fertilizers in kiwifriut orchards increasethenutrient amounts in leaves and fruit of kiwifruit. In addition,there was a significant positive correlation between quantitative and qualitative characteristics of kiwifruit and its leaf and fruit nutrients. Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium have significant positive effect in increasing fruit yield.Chemical fertilizers leaching and environmental problems caused by the consumption of these fertilizers, motivated to useof organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost and azocompost in kiwifruit orchards, in order to produce fruit in north of the country.
Abdolhossein ziaeyan; Ali Reza Farahbakhash; Hossein Besharati; lLadan Joukar
Abstract
Introduction: The most abundant of agricultural soils in Iran, are calcareous. In calcareous soils, phosphorus fertilizers use efficiency is low. The usage of soil microorganisms is one of the effective ways to increment the uptake of phosphorus in calcareous soils. This microorganisms using various ...
Read More
Introduction: The most abundant of agricultural soils in Iran, are calcareous. In calcareous soils, phosphorus fertilizers use efficiency is low. The usage of soil microorganisms is one of the effective ways to increment the uptake of phosphorus in calcareous soils. This microorganisms using various mechanisms, including the production of plant hormones or the production of organic and inorganic acids to dissolve the insoluble phosphorous compounds. Mycorrhizal symbiosis is also one of the most recognized and important symbiosis relationship found in the world. In a mycorrhizal symbiosis,plants can be able to absorb more nutrients and water from soil and fungus plays a protective role as a growth enhancer and make the plants more tolerable to biotic (pathogens) and abiotic (drought, cold and salinity) stresses .This research conducted to study phosphate solubilizing bacteria and mycorrhiza roles on sorghum growth and phosphorus availability to this plant.
Materials and methods: To achieve the desired goals, a pot experiment was conducted as a factorial in completely randomized design with sixteen treatments in three replications. The treatments were combination of four P levels of zero, 25, 50, and 75 mg kg-1 P2O5 from triple super phosphate source, the two treatments of inoculation and without inoculation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and the two treatments of inoculation and no inoculation of mycorrizal fungus. Required fertilizers based on initial soil test results were supplied. Accordingly, the same amount of nitrogen, 80 mg kg-1 (30 mg kg-1 before planting and 50 mg kg-1 after planting twice) as urea source, 10 mg Zn kg-1 and 5 mg kg-1 Cu per kg soil as the forms of Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4.7H2O) and copper sulphate (CuSO4.H2O) were added to each soil sample. Required Phosphorus also was calculated based on treatments and added to potting soil. Each pot size was 5 kg. every sample was thoroughly mixed and then were placed in pots. At the same time the seeds were inoculated. In harvesting time, some parameters such as plant height and diameter, wet and dry foliage yield, and phosphorous uptake were measured and analyzed statistically. After harvesting time also soils phosphorous content were measured and analyzed.
Results Discussion: The results indicated that by utilizing the phosphate solubilizing bacteria, stem diameter, dry matter yield, phosphorous uptake, and soils phosphorous content after harvesting significantly increased. These findings indicated that the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria affected plant growth. Such results have been previously reported. Ramezanian (31) reported that application of PGPR will be increase wheat stem height and diameter. Li et al (18) and Larsen et al (16) reported that soil microorganisms, including growth promoting bacteria through a variety of mechanisms such as ACC deaminase production or an increase in available phosphorus can stimulate plant growth and increase height and diameter of the stem. Glick et al (13) showed that plant growth promoting bacteria through the production of plants hormones increases plant height and stem diameter, and ultimately improve plants yield. Increases yield of plants through the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria previously has been reported by other studies. Mycorrizal inoculation also had a significant effect (P
