Irrigation
M. Komasi; A. Alizadefard
Abstract
Introduction: The occurrence of successive droughts, along with increasing water needs and lack of proper management of water resources has caused a water crisis that has various environmental and economic consequences. In addition to the drought, the change in the cropping pattern towards water crops ...
Read More
Introduction: The occurrence of successive droughts, along with increasing water needs and lack of proper management of water resources has caused a water crisis that has various environmental and economic consequences. In addition to the drought, the change in the cropping pattern towards water crops has also made the water crisis the first critical phenomenon in recent years in the community, which has a direct impact on the agricultural sector as the largest consumer of water. Therefore, optimizing the cropping pattern is one of the most important factors in managing water resources and coping with water shortages. In this study, to determine the optimal cropping pattern of major crops in Silakhor plain in the next three years using two approaches using Linear Programming and Meta-Heuristic Algorithms. Materials and Methods: In the first step, in order to determine the optimal cropping pattern with the aim of maximizing farmers' incomes in the next three years and the limited water and land available, the amount of rainfall recharge is used as a criterion to determine the water exploitation interval and determine the minimum and maximum exploitation each year. In order to forecast rainfall, SARIMA time series models and Genetic Programming were used considering the data of the last 10 years in both seasonal and monthly modes, and according to RMSE and D.C. criteria, a better model was selected. Then, for each crop year, 100 exploitation scenarios were determined according to the amount of groundwater recharge caused by rainfall and the amount of exploitation in previous years. In the second step, Linear Programming was used to determine the optimal cropping pattern with the aim of maximizing farmers' incomes and limitations of exploitable water in each scenario and arable land. The price of each product is projected according to the average long-term inflation of the country, i.e., 20%, and the profit from the cultivation of each product was calculated as a proportion of the price of the product in each year by examining the previous years. Finally, the performance of three types of Static, Dynamic, and Classified Dynamics Penalty Functions into two algorithms, Differential Evolution and PSO was investigated to achieve the results obtained from Linear Programming. Static penalty functions use a constant value during the optimization process, whereas in dynamic penalty functions, the fines are modified during the process and depend on the number of generations. In the classified dynamics penalty, groups of violations are also determined, and the penalty of each response is determined according to the amount of violation of the restrictions and the generation number. Results and Discussion: The results show that with increasing groundwater exploitation, farmers' incomes also increase; However, in the exploitation of more than 223.5, 222.2, and 225.1 million cubic meters for the cropping years 2020-2021, 2021-2022, and 2022-2023, respectively, the limitation of the total arable land has prevented the increase of the area under cultivation, and by increasing exploitation, farmers' incomes remain stable. Also, in order to cultivate four crops of wheat, barley, rice, and corn with the current area under cultivation in Silakhor plain, 142 million cubic meters of water is harvested annually from underground sources. By optimizing the cropping pattern for the four crops studied, with the current water exploitation, the income of farmers in the region will increase by 18%. In general, the PSO algorithm answers this problem much faster. The average number of iterations of the PSO algorithm to solve each scenario in this problem is 38% of the number of iterations of the Differential Evolution algorithm. Overall, in solving this problem, the PSO algorithm has performed better in 84% of the scenarios. In penalty functions, the best performance in both algorithms belongs to the classified dynamics, dynamic, and static penalty functions, respectively. By changing the penalty function from static to classified dynamics penalty function, the number of iterations of the Differential Evolution algorithm to achieve the Linear Programming solution is reduced by an average of 11%; In contrast, the PSO algorithm did not react significantly to the change in the penalty function, and its repetitions decreased by an average of only 3%. Conclusion: The results show that the cropping pattern of the region is not optimal, and with the increase of water exploitation, it will move towards the cultivation of water products. Also, by optimizing the cultivation pattern of the region, farmers' incomes can be increased. Examination of Differential Evolution and PSO algorithms with three types of penalty functions also show that using the classified dynamics penalty function in the PSO algorithm can have good results.
Morteza Shahmoradi; Amir Taebi; Hasti Hasheminejad
Abstract
Introduction: The industries of leather, plating, metal processing, wood production, painting, textile, steel making and bottling are the main industries for pollution of heavy metal chromium. Chromium in the two main oxidation states consists of chromium (VI) and chromium (III). Chromium (VI) is more ...
Read More
Introduction: The industries of leather, plating, metal processing, wood production, painting, textile, steel making and bottling are the main industries for pollution of heavy metal chromium. Chromium in the two main oxidation states consists of chromium (VI) and chromium (III). Chromium (VI) is more dangerous, more cancerous and toxic for living organisms compared with chromium (III). In addition, low chromium (VI) concentration can cause health problems, including damage to the liver, as compared with chromium (III). In addition, lower concentrations of chromium (VI) can cause health problems including liver damage and skin cancer. Acceptable limits of chromium (VI) for discharging to surface water and drinkable water are 0.1 and 0.05 mg L-1, respectively. Therefore, wastewater treatment for reaching the desired level of chromium (VI) is essential. There are several methods including chemical oxidation-reduction, ion exchange, electro dialysis, electrochemical treatment, evaporation, solvent extraction, reverse osmosis, chemical treatment and adsorption to reduce chromium (VI) from aqueous and sewage solutions. The main drawback of many of these methods is the high operating cost and remaining sludge disposal problems. Among the techniques, the adsorption method is preferred because of its simplicity, medium-performance and economic conditions. In the adsorption process, the physical and chemical properties of adsorbent are very important for achieving high adsorption efficiency. In the present study, activated particles with sulfuric acid were used to improve the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution. In the adsorption process, the removal of chromium (VI) metal depends on several process variables in a discrete system such as the initial concentration of chromium (VI) solution, adsorbent dose, solution pH, vibrational speed and contact time. Optimizing process variables is necessary to achieve the maximum process efficiency for removing pollutants. A laboratory statistical design approach is necessary to reduce the number of experiments, create an appropriate model for process optimization and also evaluate the effect of response variability. Recently, several types of test design methods have been used to optimize the multivariate chemical process. Response surface of methodology is a set of statistical and mathematical methods for designing experiments in this field. Nevertheless, no study has been carried out on the optimization of the removal of chromium (VI) by particles of the shell modified with sulfuric acid.
Materials and Methods: Chromium (VI) solution was prepared by dissolving potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) in distilled water. It should be noted that the dominant form of chromium solution in terms of pH and chromium (VI) contaminant concentrations is (HCrO4) – and (CrO4) 2- in this study.
Preparation of modified tamarind fruit shell: Tamarind fruit shells were prepared from the central part of Iran (Isfahan province). The shells were washed with distilled water and placed in an oven at 110 °C for 4 hours. The dried shells were crushed and then passed through a filter with a size of 200 microns. The resultant particles were contacted with concentrated sulfuric acid (98 % w/w) for chemical activation and H+ ion saturation in a 1: 1 weight ratio and in an oven at 150 ° C for 24 hours. The particles were then washed with distilled water and placed in a 1% sodium bicarbonate solution for 2 days. The material was then washed with distilled water and dried at 100 ° C for 5 hours. With this activation operation, H+ ions are located on the adsorbent surface and increase the adsorption of chromium samples. In this study, chromium samples are more (HCrO4) - and (CrO4) 2- which have an electric charge. These negative samples are definitely adsorbed to the shells by placing H+ ions on the surface of the adsorbent.
Adsorption-Tests: The effect of 5 independent variables on chromium (VI) adsorption of aqueous solution was investigated by the particles of tamarind fruit shells in a discrete medium. All experiments were performed in accordance with the D-optimal matrix method. To adsorb chromium (VI) by tamarind fruit shells, different weights of the tamarind fruit shell (1-7 gr/L) were combined with 50 ml of chromium (VI) solution and different concentrations (50-150 mg/L). The chromium aqueous solution (VI) was prepared by dissolving preset amounts of K2Cr2O7 powder in distilled water. The pH of the solution was adjusted by a solution of 1 M hydrochloric acid or 1 M sodium hydroxide over the range of 1-10. The residual concentration of chromium ions (VI) in the soluble phase was determined by spectrophotometer detection of UV rays at 540 nm by the formation of diphenyl carbazide color. Adsorption Capacity (mg g-1) of the bimetallic system was calculated as follows:
where C0 and Ce are the primary and final concentrations of chromium (VI) (mg L-1), respectively. V and W represent the volume and mass of the solution containing the tamarind fruit shell particles, respectively.
Results: The adsorption of heavy metal chromium (VI) by the modified tamarind fruit shell as a sorbent was studied by changing the pH of the solution, the adsorbent dose, the initial concentration of chromium (VI), contact time and vibrational velocity (shaker). The design of the D-optimal experiment, along with the response surface procedure modeling, was used to maximize the removal of chromium (VI) from the aqueous solution by the particle of the tamarind fruit shell.
masoud Naderi; M. Shayannejad; S. Heydari; B. Haghighati
Abstract
Introduction: Owing to drought, increasing demand for fresh water resources and low water use efficiency, the optimum use of water is essential in the agricultural sector. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water on quantitative and qualitative ...
Read More
Introduction: Owing to drought, increasing demand for fresh water resources and low water use efficiency, the optimum use of water is essential in the agricultural sector. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of irrigation water on quantitative and qualitative Characteristics of potato (Burren cultivar) and determination of its optimum consumptive use of water under Shahr-e kord environment.
Materials and Methods: This study was conducted at the Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources in Shahr-e kord with longitude and latitude of 32˚18΄ and 50˚51΄ , respectively, in 2013. This experiment was performed in randomized complete block design with 7 treatments consisted of different levels of irrigation water and 3 replications. Different levels of irrigation water were: 40, 55, 70, 85, 100, 115 and 130 % of the soil moisture deficit. Potato seeds (burren cultivar) were planted with distance of 20 cm from each other and furrow width of 75 cm. Irrigation program were performed based on the measurement of soil moisture deficit. The irrigation intervals were considered as a fixed 7 day. Irrigation levels were applied to 105 days after planting and the total growth period was 130 days from planting to harvesting. The samples were taken from the two middle furrows. The evaluated parameters were included weight of tubers per plant, tuber diameter, weight of tuber in seed size, weight of tuber production in a plant in marketable size, tuber dry weight, the starch percent, percent of soluble sugars, nitrogen percent. The starch content was determined by Polarimetry method. The soluble sugars content was measured by Colorimetric method, the nitrogen content was measured by wet digestion method and using the Kjeldahl set. Then, the optimal depth of water consumption in conditions of limited water resources were determined by English method Statistical analysis of data and drawing graphs were done with SAS and EXCEL software, respectively.
Results Discussion: The effect of different levels of irrigation water on yield was significant at 1%. The yield increased with increase of irrigation water. The minimum and maximum yields were belonged to 40 and 130 % treatments with 13.2 and 45.2 tons per hectare, respectively. Whereas, the results revealed that treatments which recieved100, 115 and 130% of the soil moisture deficit had no significant effect on potato yield at 5% level. Thus, potato yield in 115 and 130% treatments were only 2.3 and 3.9% more than treatment receiving full irrigation, respectively. The potato production function was obtained using the depth of water which consumed during the growing season and yield in each treatment. The results showed that the effect of different levels of irrigation water was significant on yield, starch, soluble sugars, dry matter, irrigation water use efficiency and the weight of tuber production per plant in marketable size As the level of irrigation water increased, the yield, soluble sugars content and weight of tuber per plant in marketable size increased and the starch and dry matter content decreased. Moreover, effect of different levels of irrigation water on nitrogen percent and the weight of tuber in seed size were not significant. Maximum and minimum of irrigation water use efficiency were belonged to 85 and 40% with values of 6.96 and 4.84 Kg m-3, respectively. Maximum and minimum percentages of starch were belonged to 40 and 130% treatments with values of 76.6 and 61%, respectively. The soluble sugar content in potato can causes discoloration and darkness of the product, and accordingly it makes the non-marketability of the product. Maximum and minimum soluble sugar contents were belonged to 130 and 40% treatments with values of 2.12 and 3.07%, respectively. In addition, the increase of irrigation water caused to the increase of weight of tuber per plant in marketable size. Therefore, the highest marketable tuber yield was belonged to 130% treatment and it was 1.5 kg per plant and the lowest one was belonged to 40% treatment and it was 0.61 kg per plant. The applied water which maximized the income was 821 mm during the growth period.
Conclusion: The use of 82% full irrigation (533mm) can result in maximum net income and irrigated area can increase by 22% compare to full irrigation. If the purpose of planting is get to the maximum yield, the use of 130% irrigation treatment is recommended and if the purpose is the production of seed potatoes, the use of 85% irrigation, treatment is recommended.
Mehrdad Taghian
Abstract
Introduction: One of the practical and classic problems in the water resource studies is estimation of the optimal reservoir capacity to satisfy demands. However, full supplying demands for total periods need a very high dam to supply demands during severe drought conditions. That means a major part ...
Read More
Introduction: One of the practical and classic problems in the water resource studies is estimation of the optimal reservoir capacity to satisfy demands. However, full supplying demands for total periods need a very high dam to supply demands during severe drought conditions. That means a major part of reservoir capacity and costs is only usable for a short period of the reservoir lifetime, which would be unjustified in economic analysis. Thus, in the proposed method and model, the full meeting demand is only possible for a percent time of the statistical period that is according to reliability constraint. In the general methods, although this concept apparently seems simple, there is a necessity to add binary variables for meeting or not meeting demands in the linear programming model structures. Thus, with many binary variables, solving the problem will be time consuming and difficult. Another way to solve the problem is the application of the yield model. This model includes some simpler assumptions and that is so difficult to consider details of the water resource system. The applicationof evolutionary algorithms, for the problems have many constraints, is also very complicated. Therefore, this study pursues another solution.
Materials and Methods: In this study, for development and improvement the usual methods, instead of mix integer linear programming (MILP) and the above methods, a simulation model including flow network linear programming is used coupled with an interface manual code in Matlab to account the reliability based on output file of the simulation model. The acre reservoir simulation program (ARSP) has been utilized as a simulation model. A major advantage of the ARSP is its inherent flexibility in defining the operating policies through a penalty structure specified by the user. The ARSP utilizes network flow optimization techniques to handle a subset of general linear programming (LP) problems for individual time intervals. The objective of the LP application is to minimize a cost function, which reflects relative benefits derived from a particular operating policy. In this model, the priority for supplying different demands is defined based on a penalty structure. In this approach, the original system elements are delineated by nodes and arcs. Accordingly, nodes are junction points and arcs are the basic elements used to represent channels, and reservoir storages for each time interval. There are arcs connecting reservoir and demand nodes to the source and sink node. The source node supplies water to nodes within the network to simulate local inflow and the sink node receives flow from nodes within the network to represent consumptive use. Application of the simulation model causes that the configuration of the water resource system with more details is investigated. In this research, tree alternative for reliability including 80, 85 and 90 percent were considered, which are usual reliability for satisfying demands in water resource management in Iran. Then, for the each reliability, optimal reservoir volume was calculated along with optimal flow in each arc. The inflow to the model is established based on a long-term period of historical data (48 years) with monthly time interval.
Results Discussion: Evaluation of the alternative, defined for reliability, demonstrated if the reliability increases from 85 to 90 %, the incremental volume of the reservoir will be considerable. In fact, for a higher reliability the model must supply water for a more severe drought. However, for the reliability from 80 to 85% the required incremental volume is negligible. Thus, selecting the reliability of 85% is more justified, by which the optimal reservoir volume will be 4.6 million cubic meters. Additionally, increasing of the reliability resulted in decreasing in average deficit and modified shortage index (MSI). However, these two deficit indexes have no same descending trend. The MSI has a less variations versus the reliability that is due to use square deficit in its formulation.
Conclusion: The model used in this research, in comparison to the MILP that is a common method for solving the above problem, make a reform in the traditional mass balance and flow routing in the network. The results show the reservoir capacity sensitivity versus the reliability, in which the sensitivity amount is affected by the intensity and duration drought periods. In fact, with considering higher reliability for supplying demands, a variation of the required reservoir volume has an ascending trend. Thus, application of predefined reliability, that is a common method in designing reservoir volume in Iran, is not appropriate for all drought conditions. In this regard, a sensitivity analysis of reservoir volume versus the reliability accompanying an economical analysis is recommended.
M. E. Banihabib; S. Mirmomen; M. Eivazi
Abstract
Introduction: Since flooding causes death and economic damages, then it is important and is one of the most complex and destructive natural disaster that endangers human lives and properties compared to any other natural disasters. This natural disaster almost hit most of countries and each country depending ...
Read More
Introduction: Since flooding causes death and economic damages, then it is important and is one of the most complex and destructive natural disaster that endangers human lives and properties compared to any other natural disasters. This natural disaster almost hit most of countries and each country depending on its policy deals with it differently. Uneven intensity and temporal distribution of rainfall in various parts of Iran (which has arid and semiarid climate) causes flash floods and leads to too much economic damages. Detention basins can be used as one of the measures of flood control and it detains, delays and postpones the flood flow. It controls floods and affects the flood directly and rapidly by temporarily storing of water. If the land topography allows the possibility of making detention basin with an appropriate volume and quarries are near to the projects for construction of detention dam, it can be used, because of its faster effect comparing to the other watershed management measures. The open drains can be used alone or in combination with detention basin instead of detention basin solitarily. Since in the combined system of open and detention basin the dam height is increasing in contrast with increasing the open drainage capacity, optimization of the system is essential. Hence, the investigation of the sensitivity of optimized combined system (open drainage and detention basin) to the effective factors is also useful in appropriately design of the combined system.
Materials and Methods: This research aims to develop optimization model for a combined system of open drainage and detention basins in a mountainous area and analyze the sensitivity of optimized dimensions to the hydrological factors. To select the dam sites for detention basins, watershed map with scale of 1: 25000 is used. In AutoCAD environment, the location of the dam sites are assessed to find the proper site which contains enough storage volume of the detention basin and the narrower valley. After the initial selection of dam sites, based on the reservoir volume to construction volume ratio of each dam site, best sites were selected to have the higher ratio. The layout of the main drainage scheme that is responsible for collecting and transferring overland flows of farmlands and reservoir outflows was designed. In order to simulate the hydrological processes in upstream watershed and flood analysis, HEC-HMS model which is an extended version of HEC-1 was used as hydrologic model. The optimal combination of open drainages and detention basins was also developed. Watershed in terms of detention basin dams, topography and drainage were divided into 19 smaller sub-basins. The downstream agricultural basin due to the slope and drainage area was divided into 27 sub-basins. Regarding available information of the watershed, SCS method was used to calculate losses and to convert rainfall to runoff hydrograph. In this section Muskingum flood routing method was used considering its accuracy. In the present optimization model, the total cost of the combined system of dams and open drains used as the objective function. It is function bottom outlet diameter which is minimized by using optimization model. Other factors of the simulation model such as dam height and drainage dimensions were defined as function of the diameter of the bottom outlet of dams. After determining the optimal dimensions of the combined system of open drainage and detention basins, a sensitivity analysis was performed on hydrological factors.
Results and Discussion: After optimization of the dimensions of open drainage and detention basin integrated-system, sensitivity analysis was carried out on the dimensions of system for variation of flood simulation parameters such as rainfall, curve number and lag time. The error of estimated rainfall effected far less than the curve number (CN) on the optimum dimensions and cost. 10% variation of the rainfall depth caused respectively, 7%, 8% and 10% error in optimum dam height, drainage optimal depth and total cost. Lag time was identified less important effect in the determination of optimal dimensions. As its 10% changing produced 10% error in optimal dimensions costs.
Conclusions: The research results showed that curve number is the most important factor in determining the optimal size and cost. As with 10% error in the estimation of curve number caused error rates of 21%, 25% and 24% of the optimal dam height, the optimal depth of the drain and minimized costs, respectively.
A. Moghaddam; A. Alizadeh; Alinaghi Ziaei; A. Farid Hosseini; D. Fallah Heravi
Abstract
Genetic Algorithm as a one of the main evolutionary algorithms has had a most successful role in the water distribution network optimization.This algorithmhas been undergoing many reforms and improved versions are published. A type of genetic algorithms is Fast Messy Genetic Algorithm (FMGA), that has ...
Read More
Genetic Algorithm as a one of the main evolutionary algorithms has had a most successful role in the water distribution network optimization.This algorithmhas been undergoing many reforms and improved versions are published. A type of genetic algorithms is Fast Messy Genetic Algorithm (FMGA), that has the ability to increase the convergence rate in solving optimization problems with reducing the length of chromosomes and removing the inefficient genes, meanwhile studying the chromosomes which are not equal in terms of gene strings.In this paper, for evaluation of the FMGA performance in solving water distribution network optimization problems, after the sensitivity analysis and determining the best values of these parameters, two benchmark networks and a real network are analyzed, which are named Two-loop network, the Hanoi network and Jangal City network, respectively, and the results were compared with previous researches. Least-cost in two loop network was estimated after 2880 number of function evaluations that had significant improvements compared to the results of previous researches. In Hanoi network, the minimum cost obtained equal to 6.045×106 $ that is less than other researchers results are issued so far. After proving the efficiency of algorithm, its performance was shown in design of real Jangal city network according to increasing network size and design constraints.
M. Habibi Davijani; M.E. Banihabib; S.R. Hashemi
Abstract
Population growth has caused increase of water demand for the drinking water, industry and agriculture. This condition needs the application of effective measures for optimal water management. So, in this research, a water allocation model is proposed for agriculture, industry and service sectors. In ...
Read More
Population growth has caused increase of water demand for the drinking water, industry and agriculture. This condition needs the application of effective measures for optimal water management. So, in this research, a water allocation model is proposed for agriculture, industry and service sectors. In agricultural sector, production function of each crop is determined and then, objective function is specified based on the production function, and income of crops. In the industrial sector, the water demand of the product is function of water and other material prices and so, the demand function is determined based on these factors. Due to the necessity of water for the service sector, the total water demand of this section was fully allocated. Then, using innovative learning algorithms, a combination of genetic algorithms-Collective Intelligence (GAPSO), objective function is maximized and optimal allocation of water for agriculture and industry, were determined and compared. According to the result mentioned, use pattern of deficit irrigation model, changing crop pattern, remove the acreage of some crops and use of more water resources in the industry field can be effect on increase revenues to 114 billion Rls. In sum, the income of agriculture and industry in the Iran Central Kavir basin can be up to 56 percent of revenues of the current situation using water resource allocation for different sectors. In this case, the region will witness a remarkable progress. Therefore changes in the water resources allocation of the area seem to be necessary.
O. Bozorg Haddad; S. Khosrowshahi; Mahboubeh Zarezadeh; P. Javan
Abstract
The man’s craving for water has inspired many civilizations to be formed near rivers. The social and economic destructive consequences of flood in human societies are considered undeniable facts. Today human trespasses on riversides and also vegetation destruction have caused increase in flood damages. ...
Read More
The man’s craving for water has inspired many civilizations to be formed near rivers. The social and economic destructive consequences of flood in human societies are considered undeniable facts. Today human trespasses on riversides and also vegetation destruction have caused increase in flood damages. These factors lead to be not only vital and financial damages, but also damages such as soil erosion in upstream and soil deposition in downstream. This research aims to decrease flood damages using structural methods as well as investigating and finding proper locations to construct protective levees in high risk areas via studying torrent area of riversides. In this research, the Genetic Algorithm (GA) are applied to maximize the benefit of flood control and also to minimize the cost of protective levees construction. Therefore, the fitness function of the research is defined to maximize net benefit of the project. The objective of the present paper is to evaluate this method for decreasing flood damages in the “Sarm” and “Khoor Abad” rivers, located in Qom province in Iran. The proper location and height of levees are defined whether the factor of “the level of saved losses to the region by constructing protective levees minus the cost of constructing protective levees” is maximized. The results indicate that by constructing protective levees the rate of damages reduces up to 99% in comparison with a non-constructed protective levees scenario.
