Mostafa Rastgou; Hossein Bayat; Muharram Mansoorizadeh
Abstract
Introduction: The soil-water retention curve (SWRC) is the relationship between the soil water content and matric potential of soil water. The SWRC is a fundamental soil characteristic, which is essential to determine parameters of numerous processes in the soil such as infiltration, drainage, solute ...
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Introduction: The soil-water retention curve (SWRC) is the relationship between the soil water content and matric potential of soil water. The SWRC is a fundamental soil characteristic, which is essential to determine parameters of numerous processes in the soil such as infiltration, drainage, solute movement and water availability for plants. It is also a key parameter in the study of the strength and compression of unsaturated soil. Direct field or laboratory measurement of soil water retention is costly, laborious and time-consuming. During the past four decades many models have been introduced to describe soil water retention curve, but their fitting capability in different textural groups have rarely been investigated. A good mathematical representation is the model that reduces the discrepancy between the observed and predicted data. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of 10 SWRC models in fitting to the experimental data and determine the best model among them for the SWRC of all soil samples and for each soil textural groups in the entire soil water range, near saturation to near oven dryness.
Materials and Methods: In this study, 145 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from top soils and subsoil's of Guilan, Hamedan and Kermanshah provinces from different depths and were classified into textural groups after textural measurements. Water content were measured at 12 matric potentials. The SWRC models were fitted to the observed SWRC data of 145 soils using an iterative nonlinear optimization procedure. The latter finds the values of the fitting parameters giving the best fit of the model to the data. The optimization procedure was applied using the least square curve fitting toolbox of the MATLAB software to find the values of the fitting parameters. The coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used as relative measures of the goodness-of-fit of the SWRC models to the experimental data. Corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) that imposes penalties for additional fitting parameters was used to compare the quality of models fitting.
Results and Discussion: The results showed that the Fredlund and Xing model in all soil samples and as well as in the coarse-textured group, the Libardi model in the fine-textured group and the Brutsaert model in the moderate-textured group had the most accurate fitting results, but their differences were not significant P <0.05 in the all soil samples and each of textural groups. The Brutsaert and Fredlund and Xing models provided a continuous mathematical function for the entire SWRC. The better performance of these models may be due to their physical basis that could describe the SWRC accurately. On the other hand, the parameters of the Libardi model can affect and control the slope and the position of the SWRC in all three areas, including the capillary saturation, de-saturation and residual saturation and the effect of one parameter can be easily distinguished from the effect of the another parameter. Also, according to parametric study of the Libardi model, it can well simulate the break point of the air entry value. Although the fractal models have physical and mathematical basis, they do not have the adequate flexibility to describe the SWRC. A poor performance of fractal models in the present study may be was due to terms of “3-D” (the result of this term was less than one). Therefore, fractal models were not successful in predicting the sigmoid shape of the entire SWRC. Fermi and Tani models with exponential functions had weakest performance. The poorer performance of the Fermi and Tani models in the present study may be due to lack of convergence of their parameters. It is generally accepted that the lack of convergence of parameters is an indication that the data cannot be fitted to the model well.
Conclusions: Comprehensive comparisons of SWRC models will be of value to future model users, but it is important to note that such comparisons will remain dataset dependent. In other words, these results can help the users to choose SWRC models for fitting to the experimental data accurately in case there are limitations to the number of matric potential-water content measured points. Finally, the Libardi model is introduced as the best model for representing the wide range of the soil matric potentials due to the lower number of parameters, the physical concept of the parameters, and the simple form of its equation.
R. Ghafourian; A. Bagherian kalat; A. Gord Noushahri
Abstract
Part of water flowing downstream in rivers, infiltrates into the bed river. Infiltrated water depends on morphologic and hydraulic characteristic of the rivers. Planners and managers want to know the amount of water infiltrates into the bed and consequently recharges ground water. In this study three ...
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Part of water flowing downstream in rivers, infiltrates into the bed river. Infiltrated water depends on morphologic and hydraulic characteristic of the rivers. Planners and managers want to know the amount of water infiltrates into the bed and consequently recharges ground water. In this study three rivers of Kashaf rud river basin, namely Ferizi, shandiz (Zoshk) and Golestan, were selected and their discharges were measured during period of 2009-2011 at the beginning and the end of a selected reach in each of the mentioned rivers by a current meter. Then transmission losses (TL) of the reaches were computed by subtracting the measured discharges. By surveying longitudinal profile and cross sections of the reaches and running the Hec-Ras model, wetted perimeter was determined for every discharge measurement for three selected reaches. Analysis of data showed that there is a significant exponential relationship between TL and the measured discharge at the beginning of the reach and wetted perimeter for one kilometer of the reach. The results showed that the percentage of TL decreases with increasing of the discharge in each river. As well as TL rate decreases from west to east; on the other hands in Ferizi river is the most and in Golestsn river is least. Developing an exponential model which is independent of the wetted perimeter, is one of the other results of the research.
