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تأثیر روش‌های خاک‌ورزی وکاربرد بقایای گیاهی بر عملکرد، درصد پروتئین و نیتروژن گیاه تریتیکاله (X Triticosecale Wittmack) و شاخص‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

2 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز،اهواز، ایران

3 بخش تحقیقات فنی و مهندسی، مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی خوزستان، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

خاک‌ورزی جزء مهمی از مدیریت خاک محسوب می­شود که بر تولید گیاهان زراعی تأثیر می‌گذارد. این پژوهش به­منظور بررسی تأثیر روش‌های مختلف خاک‌ورزی وکاربرد بقایای گیاهی بر درصد پروتئین و نیتروژن گیاه تریتیکاله و شاخص‌های فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک انجام شد. آزمایش به­صورت کرت‌های خرد شده بر پایه طرح بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار درمزرعه آموزشی گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز در سال زراعی 1403-1402 اجرا گردید. فاکتور اصلی، شامل روش‌های خاک‌ورزی در سه سطح (خاک‌ورزی مرسوم، کم‌خاک‌ورزی و بی‌خاک‌ورزی) و فاکتور فرعی نیز شامل 5 سطح کاربرد بقایای گیاهی (بدون کاربرد یا افزودن بقایا (شاهد)، بقایای گندم، لوبیا چشم بلبلی، کنجد و نصف بقایای گندم + نصف بقایای لوبیا چشم بلبلی) بود. ملاک انتخاب بقایا کشت رایج منطقه و میزان بقایای مورد استفاده برای هر کرت، تقریبا 30% عملکرد کاه و کلش و بیولوژیک محصول بود که بر این اساس برای گندم، کنجد و لوبیا چشم بلبلی به­ترتیب 3، 5/1 و 1 تن در هکتار در نظر گرفته شد. نتایج نشان داد عملکرد دانه در روش کم‌خاک‌ورزی 5/12 درصد و 6/7 درصد بیشتر از روش‌های مرسوم و بی‌خاک‌ورزی بود. همچنین روش کم‌خاک‌ورزی 2/32 درصد افزایش پروتئین دانه و 32 درصد افزایش نیتروژن دانه نسبت به روش خاک‌ورزی مرسوم نشان داد، نتایج نشان داد اثر متقابل تیمارهای خاک‌ورزی و کاربرد بقایا بر عملکرد دانه در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی‌دار می‌باشد. همچنین اثر متقابل خاک‌ورزی و کاربرد بقایا بر صفت جرم مخصوص ظاهری در سطح احتمال یک درصد معنی­دار و بر روی صفت ماده آلی و کربن آلی و نیتروژن خاک در سطح احتمال 5 درصد معنی‌دار می‌باشد. نتایج نشان داد، بیشترین ماده آلی خاک (53/1 درصد) از تیمار کم‌خاک‌ورزی و با کاربرد بقایای گندم بود. با توجه به اینکه اهداف کشاورزی پایدار در راستای تولید عملکرد مطلوب و در عین حال حفظ ساختار محیط و کمینه‌سازی پیامدهای منفی فعالیت‌های کشاورزی بوده و کمبود مواد آلی و تبعات آن یکی از مشکلات اصلی در کشاورزی پایدار می‌باشد، اجرای خاک‌ورزی حفاظتی و مدیریت بقایای گیاهی که یکی از ارکان اصلی تولید در کشاورزی است با بهبود کیفیت خاک، افزایش بهره‌وری در تولید را در پی خواهد داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Different Tillage Methods and Application of Plant Residues on Yield, Protein and Nitrogen Percentage of Triticale Plant (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and Physical and Chemical Indicators of Soil

نویسندگان [English]

  • S. Hosseinzadeh 1
  • E. Fateh 2
  • A. Aynehband 2
  • M. Farzaneh 1
  • J. Habibi Asl 3

1 Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetic, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

2 Department of Production Engineering and Plant Genetic, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran

3 Agricultural Engineering Research Department, Khuzestan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Ahvaz, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Tillage is an important component of soil management that affects the production of crops. Maintaining and improving the quality of the soil is a basic requirement to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem. This experiment was conducted in order to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and the use of plant residues on the yield, protein and nitrogen percentage of triticale plant and physical and chemical indicators of the soil.
 
Materials and Methods
The experiment was carried out as split plots based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz during 2023-2024. The main factor including different methods of tillage at three levels (conventional tillage, reduced tillage and no tillage) and the sub factor also including 5 levels of plant residue application (without residues (control), wheat residues, mung bean, sesame and half of wheat residues + half of residues Mung bean) were considered. The amount of residues used for each plot was approximately 30% of the biological yield of the product, which was considered to be 3, 1.5 and 1 ton.ha-1 for wheat, sesame and mung bean, respectively. At the end of the experiment yield and yield components, seed nitrogen and protein of triticale plant and physical characteristics (bulk density, percentage of porosity) and chemical (pH, EC, organic carbon content, nitrogen) soil properties were measured. All statistical calculations were made using SAS 9.3 statistical software and for the LSD test was used to compare the means at a probability level of 5%.
 
Results and Discussion
The interaction of tillage treatments and the use of plant residues showed that the highest grain yield was equal to 8.6 ton.ha-1 from the treatment of reduced tillage and the use of Mung bean residues, and the lowest value obtained was related to the effect of the treatment conventional tillage and no residues (control) with 3.5 ton.ha-1. The grain yield in the reduced tillage method was 12.5% and 7.6% higher than the conventional tillage and no tillage methods. The reduced tillage method resulted in a 32.2% increase in seed protein and a 32% increase in seed nitrogen compared to conventional tillage. The results also indicated a significant interaction effect between tillage treatments and residue application on grain yield (p < 0.01). Additionally, the interaction between tillage and residue application had a significant effect on soil bulk density (p < 0.01). The lowest bulk density (1.3 g.cm-3) was observed in the conventional tillage treatment combined with wheat and mung bean residues, with this combination falling within the same statistical group. The highest bulk density (1.75 g.cm-3) was obtained from the no-tillage treatment and the use of NO residues (Control). Based on the obtained results, the interaction effect of tillage treatments and the use of residues on soil organic matter, soil organic carbon and nitrogen soil (p<0.05). The interaction between the effects of tillage and the use of residues showed that the highest soil organic matter (1.53%) was from the treatment of reduced and the use of wheat residues.
 
Conclusion
The results showed that tillage methods and the use of plant residues, in addition to affecting the percentage of nitrogen and protein of triticale seeds, also affected the physical and chemical indicators of the soil. The changes related to the physical and chemical indicators of the soil in the method No tillage are more than the two methods of reduced tillage and conventional tillage, and the improvement of these characteristics has been limited even at this time. Overall, from the point of view of soil protection, the results of this experiment clearly show the superiority of conservation tillage methods compared to conventional tillage methods. Sustainable agriculture aims to achieve optimal yields while preserving environmental structure and minimizing the adverse impacts of agricultural activities. One of the key challenges in sustainable agriculture is the lack of organic matter and its associated consequences. Implementing conservation tillage and managing plant residues-critical elements of agricultural production-can help address this issue. By improving soil quality, these practices contribute to increased productivity in farming.
 
Acknowledgement 
We would like to thank the Research and Technology Vice-Chancellor of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz for funding this research, which is part of the research contract SCU.AA1400.309.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organic matter
  • Organic carbon content
  • Soil fertility
  • Soil health
  • Sustainable agriculture

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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دوره 38، شماره 6 - شماره پیاپی 98
بهمن و اسفند 1403
صفحه 732-713
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