اثر رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی بر برخی خصوصیات بیولوژیکی، فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• مهرانگیز سادات ساداتی ¹
• علی بهشتی آل آقا ¹
• فردین حامدی ²

¹ گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

² مرکز تحقیقات و آموزش کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی کرمانشاه، سازمان تحقیقات آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرمانشاه، ایران

10.22067/jsw.2022.77543.1179

چکیده

تغییر کاربری اراضی، تأثیر زیادی بر ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی خاک می‌گذارد. در این پژوهش تأثیر رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی که به مدت حداقل 10 سال رهاشده‌اند بر شاخص‌های pH، EC، وزن مخصوص ظاهری، پایداری خاکدانه‌ها، میزان فسفر، نیتروژن و کربن آلی خاک، معدنی شدن کربن آلی، کسر متابولیکی و کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی در دو عمق صفر تا 20 و 20 تا 40 سانتی‌متری در 3 منطقه به‌صورت فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی در 3 تکرار مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد که رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی پایداری خاکدانه‌ها را به‌طور معنی‌دار افزایش و میزان رس قابل انتشار را کاهش داد. جرم مخصوص ظاهری نیز در اثر رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی در کلیه مناطق به‌جز در منطقه قلعه کهنه کاهش یافت. نتایج تجزیه‌وتحلیل ویژگی‌های شیمیایی خاک حاکی از کاهش pH خاک در کلیه مناطق و اعماق به‌جز در منطقه قلعه کهنه بود. نتایج بیولوژیکی نیز نشان داد که رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی سبب تغیر ویژگی‌های بیولوژیکی شد. رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی در هر سه منطقه منجر به افزایش کربن زیست‌توده میکروبی و تنفس میکروبی خاک شد. بالا بودن تنفس میکروبی در اراضی رهاشده به احتمال زیاد به کربن آلی بیشتر در این خاک‌ها مرتبط است. هدر رفت ماده آلی خاک بر اثر کشت و کار و مدیریت نامناسب خاک اغلب عامل اصلی کاهش تنفس خاک در اراضی کشاورزی نسبت به اراضی رها شده است. به‌طور خلاصه، تغییر کاربری اراضی از کشاورزی به رهاشده باعث بهبود شاخص‌های فیزیکی، شیمیایی و بیولوژیکی کیفیت خاک، به‌ویژه لایه سطحی خاک گردید که نهایتاً بهبود کیفیت خاک را در تمامی مناطق مورد مطالعه در پی داشته است. از این‌رو، می‌توان چنین نتیجه گرفت که رهاسازی اراضی کشاورزی با افزایش ورود کربن به خاک، بهبود خاکدانه‌ها و بهبود فعالیت میکروبی خاک باعث افزایش سلامت خاک گردیده است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• به هم خوردگی خاک
• تغییر کاربری
• سلامت خاک
• کشاورزی فشرده

20.1001.1.20084757.1402.37.3.4.7

موضوعات

• علوم خاک

---

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Land Abandonment on Biological, Physical and Chemical Properties of Soils

نویسندگان [English]

• M.S. Sadati ¹
• A. Beheshti Ale Agha ¹
• F. Hamedi ²

¹ Department of Soil Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

² Soil and Water Research Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Changing land use may have a major influence on physical, chemical, and biological soil properties with a consequence for soil functioning and productivity. Abandonment of agricultural lands is actually a kind of restoration of these lands to their original natural conditions, which is often done through human intervention. Soil restoration after land abandonment is a complex phenomenon. The pastures of our country are typically cultivated in rainfed methods, and the use of agricultural inputs such as animal manure, poisons, and chemical fertilizers is not very common. Therefore the continuous cultivation of a product and the lack of use of agricultural inputs causes a gradual decrease in fertility and increase erosion. Hence, after years of cultivation, the production potential decreases, and the land is abandoned.
Materials and Methods
This study was conducted to determine the effects of land abandonment on some physical, chemical, and biological soil properties in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm depth at three different sites including Lal Abad, Qaleh Kohneh and Chalab-e Pain, using 2×2 factorial layout arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the soil were measured by conventional laboratory methods. Electrical conductivity of saturated paste extract (ECe) with electrical conductivity meter device in saturated paste extract, pH of saturated paste with pH meter device, and bulk density by cylinder method were determined in the samples. The amount of dispersible clay (DC) was determined by the method of Gee and Bauder and the Mean Weight Diameter (MWD) was determined by the method of the wet sieve. The amount of absorbable phosphorus by extraction method and total soil nitrogen by Keldahl method were measured in the samples. The amount of soil organic carbon (OC) in the samples was determined by the method of Walkley and Black. Mineralization of organic carbon (soil respiration) (Cmin) and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were obtained by validated and conventional methods.
Results and Discussion
 The results showed that the abandonment of agricultural lands significantly increased the MWD and reduced the amount of dispersible clay. Bulk density also decreased due to the abandonment of agricultural land in all areas except the Qaleh Kohneh area. The results of the analysis of the chemical characteristics of the soil indicated a decrease in soil pH in all areas and depths, except in the Qaleh Kohneh area. The biological results also showed that the abandonment of agricultural lands caused the change in biological characteristics. Abandonment of agricultural lands in all three regions led to an increase in microbial biomass carbon and soil microbial respiration. High microbial respiration in abandoned lands is probably related to more organic carbon in these soils. Loss of soil organic matter due to cultivation and improper soil management is often the main reason for reducing soil respiration in agricultural lands compared to abandoned lands.
Conclusion
Changing land use from agriculture to abandonment improved the physical, chemical, and biological indicators of soil quality, especially the surface layer of the soil, which ultimately led to the improvement of soil quality in all the studied areas. It can be concluded that the release of agricultural lands has increased soil health by increasing the carbon input into the soil, improving the soil aggregates, and improving the microbial activity of the soil.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• Intensive agriculture
• Land use change
• Soil erosion
• Soil health

مراجع

1. Anderson, D.W. (1988). The effect of parent material and soil development on nutrient cycling in temperate ecosystems. Biogeochemistry, 5, 71-97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02180318
2. Batjes N.H. (1996). Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world. European Journal of Soil Science, 47, 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12114_1
3. Baur, B., Cremene, C., Groza, G., Rakosy, L., Schileyko, A.A., Baur, A., & Erhardt, A. (2006). Effects of abandonment of subalpine hay meadows on plant and invertebrate diversity in Transylvania, Romania. Biological Conservation, 132(2), 261-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.018
4. Rey Benayas, J.M., Martins, A., Nicolau, J.M., & Schulz, J.J. (2007). Abandonment of agricultural land: an overview of drivers and consequences. CABI Reviews, 14-pp. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20072057
5. Bonet, A. (2004). Secondary succession of semi-arid Mediterranean old-fields in south-eastern Spain: insights for conservation and restoration of degraded lands. Journal of Arid Environments, 56(2), 213-233. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1963(03)00048-X
6. Černý, J., Balík, J., Pavlíková, D., Zitková, M., & Sýkora, K. (2003). The influence of organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizers on microbial biomass nitrogen and extractable organic nitrogen in long-term experiments with maize. Plant Soil Environ, 49(12), 560-564.
7. Christensen, B.T., & Johnston, A.E. (1997). Soil organic matter and soil quality—lessons learned from long-term experiments at Askov and Rothamsted. In Developments in Soil Science, 25, 399-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0166-2481(97)80045-1
8. Cuesta, B., Benayas, J.R., Gallardo, A., Villar-Salvador, P., & González-Espinosa, M. (2012). Soil chemical properties in abandoned Mediterranean cropland after succession and oak reforestation. Acta Oecologica, 38, 58-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2011.09.004
9. Du, F., Zongsuo, L., Xuexuan, X., Lun, S., & Xingchang, Z. (2007). Community biomass of abandoned farmland and its effects on soil nutrition in the Loess hilly region of Northern Shaanxi, China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 27(5), 1673-1683. (In Chinese with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.1016/S1872-2032(07)60038-9
10. Dunjó, G., Pardini, G., & Gispert, M. (2003). Land use change effects on abandoned terraced soils in a Mediterranean catchment, NE Spain. Catena, 52(1), 23-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(02)00148-0
11. Estefan, G. (2013). Methods of soil, plant, and water analysis: a manual for the West Asia and North Africa region. p. 243. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11766/7512
12. Gee, G.W., & Bauder, J.W. (1986). Particle‐size analysis. Methods of soil analysis: Part 1 Physical and Mineralogical Methods, 5, 383-411.
13. Gelt, J. (1993). Abandoned farmland often is troubled land in need of restoration. https://wrrc.arizona. edu/publications/arroyo-newsletter/abandoned-farmland-often-troubled-land-need-restoration
14. Gruba, P., & Socha, J. (2016). Effect of parent material on soil acidity and carbon content in soils under silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) stands in Poland. Catena, 140, 90-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2016.01.020
15. Guo-Mei, J.I.A., Zhang, P.D., Gang, W.A.N.G., Jing, C.A.O., Jing-Cheng, H.A.N., & Huang, Y.P. (2010). Relationship between microbial community and soil properties during natural succession of abandoned agricultural land. Pedosphere, 20(3), 352-360. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(10)60024-0
16. Inoue, T. (2005). Causes of butterfly decline in Japan. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology, 8, 43-64.
17. Jiang, J.P., Xiong, Y.C., Jiang, H.M., De-You, Y.E., Ya-Jie, S.O.N.G., & Feng-Min, L.I. (2009). Soil microbial activity during secondary vegetation succession in semiarid abandoned lands of Loess Plateau. Pedosphere, 19(6), 735-747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60169-7
18. Kamala, H., & Sunada, S. (2014). Microbial biomass carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics along a chronosequence of abandoned tropical agroecosystems. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3(9), 956-970. https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/20143350342
19. Kardol, P., Bezemer, T.M., van der Wal, A., & Van der Putten, W.H. (2005). Successional trajectories of soil nematode and plant communities in a chronosequence of ex-arable lands. Biological Conservation, 126(3), 317-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2005.06.005
20. Khiddir, S.M. (1986). A statistical approach in the use of parametric systems applied to the FAO framework for land evaluation (Doctoral dissertation, Ghent University). https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/8540966
21. Kosmas, C., Gerontidis, S., & Marathianou, M. (2000). The effect of land use change on soils and vegetation over various lithological formations on Lesvos (Greece). Catena, 40(1), 51-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0341-8162(99)00064-8
22. Laiolo, P., Dondero, F., Ciliento, E., & Rolando, A. (2004). Consequences of pastoral abandonment for the structure and diversity of the alpine avifauna. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(2), 294-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00893.x
23. Lee, C.S., You, Y.H., & Robinson, G.R. (2002). Secondary succession and natural habitat restoration in abandoned rice fields of central Korea. Restoration Ecology, 10(2), 306-314. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-100X.2002.00003.x
24. Lesschen, J.P., Cammeraat, L.H., Kooijman, A.M., & van Wesemael, B. (2008). Development of spatial heterogeneity in vegetation and soil properties after land abandonment in a semi-arid ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments, 72(11), 2082-2092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2008.06.006
25. Li, Y.Y., & Shao, M.A. (2006). Change of soil physical properties under long-term natural vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau of China. Journal of Arid Environments, 64(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaridenv.2005.04.005
26. Martinez-Fernandez, J., Lopez-Bermudez, F., Martinez-Fernandez, J., & Romero-Diaz, A. (1995). Land use and soil-vegetation relationships in a Mediterranean ecosystem: El Ardal, Murcia, Spain. Catena, 25(1-4), 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/0341-8162(95)00007-F
27. Nannipieri P., & Alef, K. (1995). Methods in Applied Soil Microbiology and Biochemistry. Netherlands: Elsevier Science.
28. Nunes, A., Figueiredo, A., & Almeida, A. (2012). The effects of farmland abandonment and plant succession on soil properties and erosion processes: a study case in centre of Portugal. Revista de Geografia e Ordenamento do Território, 2, 165-190. http://dx.doi.org/10.17127/got/2012.2.008
29. Sabienė, N., Kušlienė, G., & Zaleckas, E. (2010). The influence of land use on soil organic carbon and nitrogen content and redox potential. Žemdirbystė= Agriculture, 97(3), 15-24.
30. Storie, R.E. (1976). Storie index soil rating (revised). Special publication division of agricultural science. University of California, Berkeley, 3032, 1-4. http://anrcatalog.ucanr.edu/pdf/3203.pdf
31. van der Wal, A., van Veen, J.A., Smant, W., Boschker, H.T., Bloem, J., Kardol, P., & de Boer, W. (2006). Fungal biomass development in a chronosequence of land abandonment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38(1), 51-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.04.017
32. Walkley A., & Black I.A. (1974). An examination of the digestion method for determining organic carbon in soils: Effect of variations in digestion conditions and of in organic soil constituents. Soil Science, 63, 251-263.
33. Wang, B., Liu, G.B., Xue, S., & Zhu, B. (2011). Changes in soil physico-chemical and microbiological properties during natural succession on abandoned farmland in the Loess Plateau. Environmental Earth Sciences, 62, 915-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0577-4
34. Yoder, R.E. (1936). A direct method of aggregate analysis of soils and a study of the physical nature of erosion losses. http://doi.org/2134/agronj1936.00021962002800050001x
35. Zhang, J., Song, C., & Wenyan, Y. (2007). Tillage effects on soil carbon fractions in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Soil and tillage Research, 93(1), 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2006.03.014
36. Zhang, K., Dang, H., Tan, S., Wang, Z., & Zhang, Q. (2010). Vegetation community and soil characteristics of abandoned agricultural land and pine plantation in the Qinling Mountains, China. Forest Ecology and Management, 259(10), 2036-2047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2010.02.014
37. Zhang, L., Zhongkui, X., Ruifeng, Z., & YaJun, W.A.N.G. (2012). The impact of land use change on soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon stocks in the Longzhong region of Loess Plateau. Journal of Arid Land, 4(3), 241-250. https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1227.2012.00241
38. Zhao, F.Z., Han, X.H., Yang, G.H., Feng, Y.Z., & Ren, G.X. (2014). Soil structure and carbon distribution in subsoil affected by vegetation restoration. Plant, Soil and Environment, 60(1), 21-26.