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بررسی تأثیر خاک‌ورزی و کوددهی بر اساس نیاز گیاه بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گلرنگ (Carthamus tinctorius) در شرایط دیم

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه مهندسی تولید و ژنتیک گیاهی، دانشکده علوم و مهندسی کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

2 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه رازی، کرمانشاه، ایران

چکیده

تولید عملکرد مطلوب در کشت دیم به‌طور مستقیم به میزان بارندگی و ذخیره رطوبت در خاک بستگی دارد. سیستم خاک‌ورزی به‌طور مستقیم بر محتوی ذخیره رطوبتی و خصوصیات فیزیکی و شیمیایی خاک تأثیر می‌گذارد و انتخاب سیستم مناسب خاک‌ورزی درنهایت عملکرد محصول را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. به همین منظور و با توجه به ارزش کشت گیاهان دانه‌ روغنی، آزمایشی برای بررسی تأثیر خاک‌ورزی و کوددهی بر عملکرد و اجزای عملکرد گلرنگ در شرایط دیم انجام شد. آزمایش به‌صورت کرت‌های خرد شده در قالب طرح پایه بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی با سه تکرار و به‌صورت دیم انجام گردید. تیمارها شامل سامانه‌های خاک‌ورزی (خاک‌ورزی مرسوم، خاک‌ورزی کاهش­یافته و بی‌خاک‌ورزی) به‌عنوان عامل اصلی و کود NPK (مخلوطی از کودهای اوره، سوپر فسفات تریپل و سولفات پتاسیم)، در چهار سطح صفر، 33، 66 و 100 درصد به‌عنوان عامل فرعی بودند. در تمام مراحل کاشت، داشت و برداشت تمام مدیریت­های زراعی بر اساس مدیریت مرسوم منطقه مورد بررسی و به شیوه کشاورز صورت گرفت. در مرحله‌ رسیدگی فیزیولوژیک نمونه‌برداری نهایی یا برداشت به‌صورت دستی انجام شد. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد صفات مورد بررسی شامل شاخص سطح برگ، میزان ماده خشک، وزن هزار دانه، عملکرد دانه و عملکرد زیستی تحت تأثیر سیستم خاک‌ورزی، کود و اثر متقابل آن‌ها قرار گرفتند. بالاترین عملکرد دانه گلرنگ به میزان 6/195 گرم در متر مربع از نسبت کودی 33 درصد و خاک‌ورزی مرسوم و کمترین عملکرد دانه به میزان 2/116 گرم در متر مربع نیز از بی‌خاک‌ورزی و عدم مصرف کود حاصل شد. نتایج نشان داد که سیستم خاک‌ورزی مرسوم نسبت به کم­خاک‌ورزی و بی‌خاک‌ورزی نتیجه بهتری داشت. در بیشتر صفات مورد بررسی کاربرد نسبت 33 و 66 درصد نیاز کودی سبب بهترین نتیجه شده و نسبت کودی 100 درصد تأثیرات منفی بر جای گذاشته است که این امر نشان دهنده نیاز کودی کمتر این رقم در شرایط مورد مطالعه نسبت به ارقام در مناطق دیگر می­باشد. با توجه به این‌که پژوهش در سال‌های پرباران انجام شد، خاک‌ورزی مرسوم بهتر از کم خاک‌ورزی بوده است. پیشنهاد می‌شود میزان تولید این گیاه در شرایط آبیاری‌های مختلف و محدودیت رطوبتی ارزیابی شود تا سیستم‌های خاک‌ورزی و روش‌های مدیریتی با دقت بیشتری بررسی و انتخاب شوند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigating the Effect of Tillage and Fertilization on the Yield and Yield Components of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under Rainfed Conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • D. Parmah 1
  • H.R. Chaghazardi 1
  • F. Mondany 1
  • A. Beheshti Ale Agha 2
  • D. Kahrizi 1

1 Department of Plant Production and Genetics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

2 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran

چکیده [English]

Introduction
Optimum yield production under rainfed cultivation directly depends on the amount of rainfall and moisture storage in the soil. The tillage system directly influences soil moisture retention as well as the soil’s physical and chemical properties. Selecting the appropriate tillage system can significantly impact crop yields. Oilseeds are particularly important among crops, representing the second-largest food reserve in the world after grains. These products are rich in fatty acids. Today, the oil extraction and production industry is one of the most strategic industries in most countries. Iran has vast arable land and favorable conditions for cultivating oilseeds. However, according to available statistics, over 80% of the country's oil needs are met through imports. Given the increasing demand for higher-quality oil products and the challenges posed by climate issues, such as recurring droughts, cultivating and developing crops with lower water requirements and greater resilience appears to be a promising solution. Implementing effective management practices and appropriate fertilizers aligned with conservation agriculture could help increase crop yields while maintaining and improving long-term soil quality. To explore the potential of oilseed cultivation, an experiment was conducted to examine the effects of tillage and fertilization on the yield and yield components of safflower under rainfed conditions.
 
Materials and Methods
This experiment was carried out as split plots based on random complete blocks design, with three replications under rainfed conditions. The treatments included tillage systems (conventional tillage, reduced tillage, and no-tillage) as the main factor and NPK fertilizer (a mixture of urea, triple superphosphate, and potassium sulfate) at four levels of zero, 33, 66, and 100% as a secondary factor. Potassium and phosphorus fertilization and 50% of nitrogen fertilizer were used at the same time as planting, and the remaining 50% of nitrogen fertilizer was used four months after planting. Each block had three main plots; the distance between each block was 3 meters, and between the main plots was 2 meters. In each main plot, four sub-plots were created, and the distance between the sub-plots was 1 meter. The area of the main plots was 21 × 15 meters, and the area of each sub-plot was 4.5 ×15 meters. The amount of seed used for safflower was 25 kg per hectare. The safflower seeds were sown in 5 rows and planted at a distance of 50 cm and a distance between plants of 10 cm. At all stages of planting, maintenance, and harvesting, agricultural management followed the traditional practices of the study area, as performed by the local farmers. The final sampling, or harvesting, was carried out manually at the physiological maturity stage. Before conducting variance analysis, a normality test was performed on the data. In this research, the LSD test was used to compare the mean at the 5% probability level, Excel software was used to draw graphs, and SAS 9.4 software was used to analyze the data.
 
Results and Discussion
The research showed that the traits examined, including leaf area index, dry matter content, thousand seed weight, seed yield, and biological yield, were affected by the tillage system, fertilizer, and their interaction effect. The highest safflower seed yield of 195.6 g/m2 was obtained from the fertilizer ratio of 33% and conventional tillage, and the lowest seed yield of 116.2 g/m2 was obtained from no-tillage and no fertilizer use. The results indicated that the conventional tillage system outperformed both reduced tillage and no-tillage systems. In reduced and no-tillage systems, the changes in the leaf area index of the safflower plant were similar, with the 100% fertilizer application under reduced tillage having a more pronounced effect compared to no-tillage. Additionally, in the absence of fertilizer in the no-tillage system, the leaf area index was lower. Fertilizer application increased the plant's biological yield, but its impact was greater under conventional tillage compared to reduced and no-tillage systems. Applying 33% of the required fertilizer in the conventional tillage system resulted in the highest biological yield for safflower, leading to a 94% increase in biological performance compared to the control.
 
Conclusion
In most of the examined traits, the application of 33 and 66% of the fertilizer requirement caused the best results, and the 100% fertilizer ratio left adverse effects, which indicates the lower fertilizer requirement of this cultivar in the studied conditions compared to cultivars in other regions. Since the research was conducted in rainy years, conventional tillage was better than low tillage. It is suggested that this plant's production amount be evaluated under different irrigation conditions and moisture limitations so that tillage systems and management methods can be examined and selected more carefully.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Conservation agriculture
  • Conventional tillage
  • Crop management
  • No-tillage
  • Oilseeds

©2024 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

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آب و خاک
دوره 38، شماره 4 - شماره پیاپی 96
مهر و آبان 1403
صفحه 445-461
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  • تاریخ دریافت: 29 بهمن 1402
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  • تاریخ پذیرش: 09 تیر 1403
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 09 تیر 1403
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