نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه علوم خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان، کرمان، ایران
2 دانشگاه شهید باهنر کرمان
3 گروه باغبانی، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه جیرفت، جیرفت، ایران
چکیده
چکیده
فسفر یکی از عناصر غذایی کلیدی در خاک به شمار می‌رود و مطالعه تأثیر کودهای فسفره بر نحوه توزیع و تحرک آن در خاک، می‌تواند نقش مهمی در بهینه‌سازی مصرف کود، ارتقاء عملکرد محصولات کشاورزی، و کاهش پیامدهای زیست‌محیطی ناشی از کاربرد بیش از حد کودهای شیمیایی ایفا کند. به‌منظور بررسی تأثیر مصرف کود مونوپتاسیم فسفات و کود آلی بر اشکال مختلف فسفر در خاک، یک آزمایش فاکتوریل در قالب طرح کاملاً تصادفی انجام شد. تیمارها شامل چهار سطح کود مونوپتاسیم فسفات (صفر، 70، 140 و 210 کیلوگرم در هکتار) و دو سطح کود گاوی (صفر و 30 تن در هکتار) بود. تأثیر تیمارهای مورد مطالعه بر میزان هدایت الکتریکی، pH، کربن آلی و اشکال مختلف فسفر در خاک (فرم قابل استخراج با آب و سود و اسید کلریدریک و بی‌کربنات، فسفر اولسن و فسفر باقیمانده) بررسی شد. به‌طورکلی نتایج این تحقیق نشان داد که افزودن مونوپتاسیم فسفات و کود گاوی به خاک سبب افزایش میزان هدایت الکتریکی و ماده آلی خاک شد. نتایج نشان داد که کود مونوپتاسیم فسفات باعث افزایش معنی‌دار هدایت الکتریکی (تا 2/49 واحد) و کود دامی موجب افزایش کربن آلی خاک تا 1.74 درصد شد. حضور کود دامی در سطح 210 کیلوگرم کود شیمیایی موجب کاهش هدایت الکتریکی نسبت به کاربرد تنها کود شیمیایی شد. بیشترین مقدار فسفر در بخش قابل استخراج با آب (Water-P) مشاهده شد که با کاربرد هم‌زمان کود دامی و فسفر شیمیایی، نسبت به شاهد، به ترتیب تا 35، 51، 9/36 و 1/62 درصد افزایش یافت. فسفر قابل استخراج با بی‌کربنات (NaHCO₃-P) نیز در حضور کود دامی تا 3/28 درصد نسبت به شاهد افزایش نشان داد. در مقابل، فسفر قابل حل در اسید کلریدریک (HCl-P) با افزایش سطح فسفر کاهش یافت؛ به‌ویژه در سطح 210 کیلوگرم کود، نسبت به شاهد کاهش معنی‌داری مشاهده شد. فسفر باقیمانده (Residual-P) نیز با کاربرد 210 کیلوگرم فسفر و کود دامی، تا 48.5 درصد افزایش یافت. همبستگی معنی‌داری بین کربن آلی و فسفرهای قابل استخراج با آب (r=0.57) و اسید کلریدریک (r=0.60) مشاهده شد.
کلمات کلیدی: فرکشن‌بندی فسفر، فسفر محلول در آب، کود آلی، فسفر اولسن
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
Evaluation of the Effects of Monopotassium Phosphate and Cow Manure on Phosphorus Dynamics and Soil Chemical Properties
نویسندگان [English]
- afsane barvar 1
- Naser Boroomand 2
- majid Hejazi Mehrizi 1
- mohammad sadat hosseini 3
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2 Department of soil science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman
3 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Jiroft, Jiroft, Iran
چکیده [English]
Introduction
Phosphorus is a vital nutrient for plant growth and development, contributing significantly to processes like photosynthesis, energy production, and root development. In soil, phosphorus mainly exists as phosphate, though much of it is not accessible to plants. There are several methods for providing phosphorus to plants: chemical phosphorus fertilizers: These fertilizers rapidly supply plants with absorbable phosphorus. However, excessive use can degrade soil quality and cause environmental pollution. Organic fertilizers: Organic options such as manure and compost release phosphorus gradually. In addition to providing phosphorus, they enhance the chemical and biological properties of the soil. Combination of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers: Using both types of fertilizers together can increase phosphorus availability, promote soil health, and improve the sustainability of agricultural production. Given the importance of understanding the various forms of phosphorus in the soil for better fertilizer management, as well as evaluating the combined application of different levels of chemical fertilizers and animal manure on the different forms of phosphorus, this study was conducted to examine the impact of these two phosphorus sources on its dynamics in the soil.
Materials and Methods
To investigate the effects of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) fertilizer on various forms of phosphorus in soil, a completely randomized factorial experimental design was conducted. The treatments included four levels of MKP fertilizer (0, 70, 140, and 210 kg/ha) and two levels of cow manure (0 and 40 tons/ha). The impacts of the treatments on soil electrical conductivity (EC), pH, organic carbon (OC), and different phosphorus (P) fractions (water-extractable, NaOH-extractable, HCl-extractable, NaHCO₃-extractable, Olsen P, and residual P) were examined. After harvesting, soil samples were taken from a depth of 20 cm below the initial fertilizer application site to examine the different fractions of soil phosphorus. A composite soil sample was taken from each treatment and after being transported to the laboratory, air-dried and passed through a 2 mm sieve.
Results and Discussion
Overall, the results indicated that the addition of MKP and cow manure increased the soil EC and organic matter content. MKP fertilizer and cow manure significantly influenced various P fractions in the soil. Organic carbon content notably increased in the presence of cow manure. However, the interaction of high levels of phosphorus and cow manure resulted in a decrease in soil electrical conductivity (EC). The highest and lowest P concentrations were observed in the water-extractable fraction and residual P fraction, respectively. Organic matter predominantly enhanced the concentration of various P fractions, particularly water-soluble P. Organic matter exhibited a positive and significant correlation with water-extractable P (0.57), NaHCO₃-extractable P (0.44), NaOH-extractable P (0.44), and HCl-extractable P (0.6). The most pronounced effect of organic matter was on the water-extractable fraction, where its interaction with the MKP levels of 0, 70, 140, and 210 kg/ha resulted in respective increases of 35%, 51%, 36%, and 62% compared to the control. The inclusion of manure in the soil boosts the levels of available, water-extractable phosphorus, as well as phosphorus extractable with bicarbonate and sodium, and also increases residual phosphorus. Furthermore, higher levels of monopotassium phosphate fertilizer enhance soil electrical conductivity and extractable phosphorus. However, in some instances, such as with acid-soluble phosphorus, they can lead to a decrease in the concentration. Overall, the combined application of manure and monopotassium phosphate improves soil phosphorus content; however, their impact on other soil properties, such as pH and organic carbon, may vary.
Conclusions
The simultaneous use of chemical and organic fertilizers can have a significantly positive effect on the availability of phosphorus in the soil. As highlighted in the text, animal manure enhances phosphorus availability to plants due to its phosphorus content and its influence on soil solubility. Additionally, the observed sequence of phosphorus concentrations in different soil fractions (water > sodium > bicarbonate > acid > residue) reflects the distinct effects of these phosphorus sources, which, when combined, can improve the availability of this nutrient. Another important consideration is the need for further research to determine the optimal levels of these fertilizers. This would help identify the most effective combination and application rates for enhancing soil fertility and boosting agricultural productivity. Overall, such studies enable farmers and researchers to develop more effective strategies for managing phosphorus in soil, thereby contributing to the maintenance of soil health and improved agricultural yields.
Keywords: Mono-potassium phosphate, Phosphorus, Cow manure, Organic carbon, Olsen P
کلیدواژه‌ها [English]
- Phosphorus
- Sustainable Agriculture
- Calcareous Soils
- Cow Manure
- Monopotassium Phosphate
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