بررسی اثر کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی و آلی بر کیفیت خاک

مقالات آماده انتشار

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

• رسول میرخانی ¹
• فرهاد مشیری ¹
• علی غفاری نژاد ¹
• حامد رضایی ²

¹ استادیار، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

² دانشیار، موسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

10.22067/jsw.2025.95005.1494

چکیده

کیفیت خاک نقش بسیار مهمی در تولید محصول دارد. ارزیابی کمی و سریع کیفیت خاک امکان بررسی به موقع تأثیر روش‌های مدیریتی از جمله مدیریت کوددهی بر شرایط خاک را فراهم می نماید. به منظور برررسی اثرات کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر کیفیت خاک، این تحقیق به مدت سه سال در قالب طرح آماری بلوک‌های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در کرت‌های 200 متر مربعی در استان البرز انجام شد. تیمارهای کودی شامل : 1) آیش، 2) شاهد بدون مصرف کود، 3) کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنی، فسفری و پتاسیمی بر اساس آزمون خاک، 4) کاربرد 20 تن کود گاوی هر دو سال یکبار+ کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده + کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، 5) کاربرد 20 تن کمپوست پسماند هر دو سال یکبار + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده + کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، 6) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کود گاوی + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده، 7) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کمپوست پسماند + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده، 8) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کود گاوی، 9) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کمپوست پسماند بود. پس از نمونه برداری خاک در پایان کشت گندم (هر سال) و تعیین ویژگی‌های pH، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل استفاده، جرم مخصوص ظاهری، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه‌ها اندازه‌گیری و شاخص‌‌های کیفیت خاک تجمعی(SQI) و نمورو (NQI) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین تیمارها در شاخص‌های مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود داشت ولی بین ساله‌های مختلف اختلاف معنی‌دار نبود. تیمارهای کاربرد توأم کود آلی و شیمیایی موجب افزایش معنی‌داری عملکرد گندم نسبت به تیمار کاربرد کود شیمیایی و تیمارهای کاربرد کود آلی (کود گاوی و کمپوست پسماند) داشت و بین تیمارهای کاربرد توأم کودهای آلی و شیمیایی نیز اختلاف معنی‌داری وجود نداشت در ضمن همه تیمارها نیز نسبت به تیمار شاهد( تیمار بدون مصرف کود) افزایش معنی‌داری داشتند. در سال سوم بین عملکرد و شاخص‌های کیفیت خاک همبستگی معنی‌داری وجود داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

• مدیریت کوددهی
• شاخص کیفیت نمورو
• کود دامی
• کمپوست

موضوعات

• علوم خاک

عنوان مقاله [English]

Studying the effect of chemical and organic fertilizer application on soil quality

نویسندگان [English]

• RASOUL MIRKHANI ¹
• FARHAD MOSHIRI ¹
• ALI GHAFFARINEJAD ¹
• HAMED REZAEI ²

¹ Assistant Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Alborz, Iran.

² Associate Professor, Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Alborz, Iran.

چکیده [English]

Introduction: Soil quality plays a very important role in crop production. Quantitative and rapid assessment of soil quality provides the possibility of timely evaluation of the effect of management methods, including fertilization management, on soil conditions. In order to study the state of soil quality, it is necessary to use characteristics that represent dynamic soil quality that are sensitive and effective to land use changes and various management practices. In order to investigate the effects of the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers on soil quality, this research was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks in 9 treatments and three replications in the Alborz province.

Materials and Methods: This research was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks in 9 treatments and three replications in plots with an area of 200 square meters in the Alborz province. Fertilizer treatments include: 1) fallow, 2) control (without using fertilizer), 3) application of nitrogen, ,phosphorus and potassium fertilizers based on soil test, of soil and water research institute (SWRI) 4) application of 20 tons of cow manure every two years + application of 75 % of the recommended amount of nitrogen + application of 50% of the recommended amount of phosphorus and potassium, 5) application of 20 tons of compost every two years + application of 75 % of the recommended amount of nitrogen + application of 50 % of the recommended amount of phosphorus and potassium, 6) annual application of 20 tons of cow manure + application 75% of the recommended amount of nitrogen, 7) annual application of 20 tons of compost + application of 75 % of the recommended amount of nitrogen, 8) annual application of 20 tons of cow manure, 9) annual application of 20 tons of compost. After sampling the soil at the end of each crop and measuring the properties of pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium, bulk density, mean weighted diameter, cumulative soil quality index (SQI) and nemero quality index (NQI) were calculated. Finally, changes in soil quality indicators due to different management practices of organic and chemical fertilizers were evaluated.

Results and Discussion: According to the results, there was a significant difference between the treatments in the studied indices in all years, which indicated the effect of different treatments on soil quality. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the years. In the second and third years, the highest wheat yield in the studied treatments was related to treatment 7 (annual application of 20 tons of waste compost + application of 75% of the recommended nitrogen amount) with values of 3833 kg/ha (first year), 6733 kg/ha (second year) and 5211 kg/ha (third year). This resulted in increases of 44%, 105%, and 131% compared to the control treatment (without fertilizer) in the first, second, and third years, respectively. The combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers (4, 5, 6 and 7) had a significant increase compared to the chemical fertilizer application treatment (treatment 3) and the organic fertilizer application treatment (treatments 8 and 9). Moreover, There was no significant difference between the combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers (treatments 4, 5, 6 and 7). In addition, all treatments had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (treatment 2), which indicates the effect of the combined application of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers in improving soil quality and wheat yield. In the third year, there was a significant correlation between yield and soil quality indices (p<0.01), which indicates the effect of increasing soil quality due to increasing organic matter and chemical fertilizers on increasing wheat yield.

Conclusions: The results showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments in the studied indices, but there was no significant difference between different years. The combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increased wheat yield compared to the chemical fertilizer application treatment and the organic fertilizer application treatments, while there was no significant difference between the combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers. In addition, all treatments also had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (without fertilizer). In the third year, there was a significant correlation between wheat yield and soil quality indices.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

• compost
• cow manure
• fertilization management
• Nemero Quality Index