بررسی اثر کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی و آلی بر کیفیت خاک

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

رسول میرخانی

فرهاد مشیری

سید علی غفاری نژاد

حامد رضایی

مؤسسه تحقیقات خاک و آب، سازمان تحقیقات، آموزش و ترویج کشاورزی، کرج، ایران

https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.2025.95005.1494

چکیده

کیفیت خاک نقش بسیار مهمی در تولید محصول دارد. ارزیابی کمی و سریع کیفیت خاک امکان بررسی به موقع تأثیر روش­های مدیریتی از جمله مدیریت کوددهی بر شرایط خاک را فراهم می نماید. به‌منظور برررسی اثرات کاربرد کودهای آلی و شیمیایی بر کیفیت خاک، این تحقیق به‌مدت سه سال در قالب طرح آماری بلوک­های کامل تصادفی در سه تکرار در کرت­های 200 متر مربعی در استان البرز انجام شد. تیمارهای کودی شامل: 1) آیش، 2) شاهد بدون مصرف کود، 3) کاربرد کودهای شیمیایی نیتروژنی، فسفری و پتاسیمی بر اساس آزمون خاک، 4) کاربرد 20 تن کود گاوی هر دو سال یکبار+ کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده + کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، 5) کاربرد 20 تن کمپوست پسماند هر دو سال یکبار + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده + کاربرد 50 درصد مقدار فسفر و پتاسیم توصیه شده، 6) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کود گاوی + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده، 7) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کمپوست پسماند + کاربرد 75 درصد مقدار نیتروژن توصیه شده، 8) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کود گاوی، 9) کاربرد سالانه 20 تن کمپوست پسماند بود. پس از نمونه برداری خاک در پایان کشت گندم (هر سال) و تعیین ویژگی­های pH، هدایت الکتریکی، کربن آلی، فسفر و پتاسیم قابل استفاده، جرم مخصوص ظاهری، میانگین وزنی قطر خاکدانه­ها اندازه­گیری و شاخص­های کیفیت خاک تجمعی (SQI) و نمورو (NQI) محاسبه شد. نتایج نشان داد که بین تیمارها در شاخص­های مورد بررسی اختلاف معنی­داری وجود داشت ولی بین ساله­های مختلف اختلاف معنی­دار نبود. تیمارهای کاربرد توأم کود آلی و شیمیایی موجب افزایش معنی­داری عملکرد گندم نسبت به تیمار کاربرد کود شیمیایی و تیمارهای کاربرد کود آلی (کود گاوی و کمپوست پسماند) داشت و بین تیمارهای کاربرد توأم کودهای آلی و شیمیایی نیز اختلاف معنی­داری وجود نداشت در ضمن همه تیمارها نیز نسبت به تیمار شاهد (تیمار بدون مصرف کود) افزایش معنی­داری داشتند. در سال سوم بین عملکرد و شاخص­های کیفیت خاک همبستگی معنی­داری وجود داشت.

کلیدواژه‌ها

شاخص کیفیت نمورو

کمپوست

کود دامی

مدیریت کوددهی

موضوعات

• علوم خاک

---

عنوان مقاله English

Studying the Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilizer Application on Soil Quality

نویسندگان English

R. Mirkhani

F. Moshiri

A. Ghaffarinejad

H. Rezaei

Soil and Water Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Alborz, Iran

چکیده English

Introduction
 Soil quality plays a very important role in crop production. Quantitative and rapid assessment of soil quality provides the possibility of timely evaluation of the effect of management methods, including fertilization management, on soil conditions. In order to study the state of soil quality, it is necessary to use characteristics that represent dynamic soil quality that are sensitive and effective to land use changes and various management practices. In order to investigate the effects of the combined use of organic and chemical fertilizers on soil quality, this research was conducted in the form of randomized complete blocks in with 9 treatments and three replications in the Alborz province.
 
Materials and Methods
 This research was conducted in plots with an area of 200 square meters in the Alborz province. Fertilizer treatments included: 1) fallow, 2) control (without using fertilizer), 3) application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers based on soil test, 4) application of 20 tons of cow manure every two years + application of 75% of the recommended amount of nitrogen + application of 50% of the recommended amount of phosphorus and potassium, 5) application of 20 tons of compost every two years + application of 75% of the recommended amount of nitrogen + application of 50% of the recommended amount of phosphorus and potassium, 6) annual application of 20 tons of cow manure + application 75% of the recommended amount of nitrogen, 7) annual application of 20 tons of compost + application of 75% of the recommended amount of nitrogen, 8) annual application of 20 tons of cow manure, 9) annual application of 20 tons of compost. After sampling the soil at the end of each crop and measuring the properties of pH, electrical conductivity, soil organic carbon, available phosphorus and potassium, bulk density, mean weighted diameter, cumulative soil quality index (SQI) and nemero quality index (NQI) were calculated. Finally, changes in soil quality indicators due to different management practices of organic and chemical fertilizers were evaluated.
 
Results and Discussion
 According to the results, there was a significant difference between the treatments in the studied indices in all years, which indicated the effect of different treatments on soil quality. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed between the years. In the second and third years, the highest wheat yield in the studied treatments was related to treatment 7 (annual application of 20 tons of waste compost + application of 75% of the recommended nitrogen amount) with values of 3833 kg/ha (first year), 6733 kg/ha (second year) and 5211 kg/ha (third year). This resulted in increases of 44%, 105%, and 131% compared to the control treatment (without fertilizer) in the first, second, and third years, respectively. The combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers (4, 5, 6 and 7) had a significant increase compared to the chemical fertilizer application treatment (treatment 3) and the organic fertilizer application treatment (treatments 8 and 9). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers (treatments 4, 5, 6 and 7). In addition, all treatments had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (treatment 2), which indicates the effect of the combined application of organic fertilizers with chemical fertilizers in improving soil quality and wheat yield. In the third year, there was a significant correlation between yield and soil quality indices (p<0.01), which indicates the effect of increasing soil quality due to increasing organic matter and chemical fertilizers on increasing wheat yield.
 
Conclusion
 The results showed that there was a significant difference between the treatments in the studied indices, but there was no significant difference between different years. The combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers significantly increased wheat yield compared to the chemical fertilizer application treatment and the organic fertilizer application treatments, while there was no significant difference between the combined application treatments of organic and chemical fertilizers. In addition, compared to the control (without fertilizer), all treatments showed a significant increase. In the third year, there was a significant correlation between wheat yield and soil quality indices.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Compost

Cow manure

Fertilization management

Nemero quality index

Authors retain the copyright. This is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).

مراجع

1. Andrews, S.S., Karlen, D.L., & Mitchell, J.P. (2002b). A comparison of soil quality indicesmethods for vegetable production system in northern California. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 90, 25– https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00174-8
2. Andrews, S.S., Mitchell, J.P., Mancinelli, R., Karlen, K.L., Hartz, T.K., Horwath, W.R.,Pettygrove, G.S., Scow, K.M., & Munk, D.S. (2002a). On-farm assessment of soil qualityin California's central valley. AgronomyJournal, 94, 12– https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2002.0012
3. Aria, , & Mirkhani, R. (2005). Methods of Soil Physical Analysis, Technical Bulletin, Soil and Water Research Institute, IranNo:479. (In Persian)
4. Basak, N., Mandal, B., Biswas, S., Basak, P., Mitran, T., Saha, B., & Datta, A. (2022). Impact of long term nutrient management on soil quality indices in rice-wheat system of lower indo-gangetic plain. Sustainability, 14(11), 6533. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116533
5. Biberdzic, M., Barac, S., Lalevic, D., Djikic, A., Prodanovic, D., & Rajicic, V. (2020). Influence of soil tillage system on soil compaction and winter wheat yield. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 80(1), 80-89. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392020000100080
6. Brar, B.S., Singh, J., Singh, G., & Kaur, G. (2015). Effects of long term application of inorganic and organic fertilizers on soil organic carbon and physical properties in maize–wheat rotation. Agronomy, 5(2), 220-238.https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy5020220
7. Cherubin, M.R., Karlen, D.L., Franco, A.L.C., Cerri, C.E.P., Tormena, C.A., & Cerri, C.C. (2016). A soil management assessment framework (SMAF) evaluation of Brazilian sugarcane expansion on soil quality. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 80, 215–22. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2015.09.0328
8. De Paul Obade, V., & Lal, R. (2016). Towards a standard technique for soil quality assessment. Geoderma, 265, 96-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.11.023
9. Doran, J.W., & Parkin, T.B. (1997). Quantitative indicators of soil quality: a minimum data set. Methods for assessing soil quality/editors, John W. Doran and Alice J. Jones; editor-in-chief SSSA, Jerry M. Bigham; managing editor, David M. Kral; associate editor, Marian K. Viney. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub49.c2
10. Emami, H., Astaraei, A.R., & Fotovat, A. (2014). Evaluating the effect of organic matter on soil quality score functions. Journal of Water and Soil, 28(3), 565-574. https://sid.ir/paper/141916/en
11. Isong, I.A., John, K., Okon, P.B., Ogban, P.I., & Afu, S.M. (2022). Soil quality estimation using environmental covariates and predictive models: an example from tropical soils of Nigeria. Ecological Processes, 11(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-022-00411-y
12. Kharche, V.K., Patil, S.R., Kulkarni, A.A., Patil, V.S., & Katkar, R.N. (2013). Long-term integrated nutrient management for enhancing soil quality and crop productivity under intensive cropping system on vertisols. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 61(4), 323-332. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-0228.2023.00025.7
13. Karkaj, E., Sepehry, A., Barani, H., Motamedi, J., & Shahbazi, F. (2019). Establishing a suitable soil quality index for semi-arid rangeland ecosystems in northwest of Iran. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 19(3), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42729-019-00065-4
14. Karlen, D.L., Parkin, T.B., & Eash, N.S. (1996). Use of soil quality indicators to evaluateconservation reserve program sites in Iowa. In: Doran, J.W., Jones, A.J. (Eds.), Methods for Assessing Soil Quality. Methods for Assessing Soil Quality,49(1997), 345-355. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub49.c21
15. Karlen, D.L., Rosek, M.J., Gardner, J.C., Allan, D.L., Alms, M J., Bezdicek, D.F., Flock, M., Huggins, D.R., Miller, B.S., & Staben, M.L. (1999). Conservation reserve program effects on soil quality indicators. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 54(1), 439-444. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224561.1999.12457260
16. Li, P., Shi, K., Wang, Y., Kong, D., Liu, T., Jiao, J., & Hu, F. (2019). Soil quality assessment of wheat-maize cropping system with different productivities in China: Establishing a minimum data set. Soil and Tillage Research, 190, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2019.02.019
17. Li, P., Wu, M., Kang, G., Zhu, B., Li, H., Hu, F., & Jiao, J. (2020). Soil quality response to organic amendments on dryland red soil in subtropical China. Geoderma, 373, 114416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geoderma.2020.114416
18. Li, P., Zhang, T., Wang, X., & Yu, D. (2013). Development of biological soil quality indicator system for subtropical China.Soil and Tillage Research, 126, 112-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2012.07.011
19. Liu, J., Wu, L., Chen, D., Li, M., & Wei, C. (2017). Soil quality assessment of different Camellia oleifera stands in mid-subtropical China. Applied Soil Ecology, 113, 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2017.01. 010
20. MATLAB (2015). Software for technical computing and model-based design. The Mach Works Ins, USA.
21. Mirkhani, R. (2020). Investigation of soil quality indices and their spatial variations in agricultural lands of Alborz province Faculty of Agriculture, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran.(In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.29252/jstnar.23.1.3
22. Mirkhani, R., Bybordi, A., Saadat, S., Rezaei, H., & Esmaeelnejad, L. (2024). Evaluation of the soil quality of the lands under irrigated wheat cultivation in Tabriz plain. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Research, 54(12), 1981-1994. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22059/ijswr.2023.363792.669555
23. Mirkhani, R., Vaezi, A.R., & Rezaei, H. (2020). Investigation of the soil quality indices in irrigated wheat farms of Nazarabad region in west of Alborz province. Water and Soil, 34(5), 1125-1139. (In Persian with English abstract). https://doi.org/10.22067/jsw.v34i5.85526
24. Mirkhani, R., Vaezi, A.R., & Rezaei, H. (2021). Spatial distribution of soil quality in Savojbolagh fields in Alborz province. Applied Soil Research, 9(2), 1-14. (In Persian with English abstract)
25. Nabiollahi, K., Taghizadeh-Mehrjardi, R., Kerry, R., & Moradian, S. (2017). Assessment of soil quality indices for salt-affected agricultural land in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Ecological Indicators, 83, 482-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2017.08.001
26. Moshiri, F., Shahabi, A.A., Keshavarz, P., Khogar, Z., FeiziAsl, V., Tehrani, M.M., AsadiRahmani, H., Samawt, S., Ghaibi, M.N., Sedari, M.H., Rashidi, N., Saadat, S., & Khademi, Z. (2014). Guidelines for integrated soil fertility and plant nutriation management of wheat. Soil and Water Research Institute (SWRI). 84 p.
27. Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S., & Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dept. of Agric. Circ. 939pp.
28. Patzel, N., Sticher, H., & Karlen, D.L. (2000). Soil fertility-phenomenon and concept. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 163(2), 129-142. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2624(200004)163:2%3 C129::AID-JPLN129%3E3.0.CO;2-D
29. Paul, G.C., Saha, S., & Ghosh, K.G. (2020). Assessing the soil quality of Bansloi river basin, eastern India using soil-quality indices (SQIs) and Random Forest machine learning technique. Ecological Indicators, 118, 106804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106804
30. Qi, Y., Darilek, J.L., Huang, B., Zhao, Y., Sun, W., & Gu, Z. (2009). Evaluating soil quality indices in an agricultural region of Jiangsu Province, China. Geoderma, 149(3), 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geoderma.2008.12.015
31. Qin, M.Z., & Zhao, J. (2000). Strategies for sustainable use and characteristics of soil qualitychanges in urban-rural marginal area: a case study of Kaifeng. CTA GEOGRAPHICA SINICA-CHINESE EDITION, 55(5), 545–
32. Sanchez, P.A., & Swaminathan, M.S. (2005). Hunger in Africa: the link between unhealthy people and unhealthy soils. The Lancet, 365(9457), 442-444. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)17834-9
33. Sun, B., Zhou, S., & Zhao, Q. (2003). Evaluation of spatial and temporal changes of soil quality based on geostatistical analysis in the hill region of subtropical China. Geoderma, 115(1), 85-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061(03)00078-8
34. Tkaczyk, P., Bednarek, W., Dresler, S., & Krzyszczak, J. (2018). The effect od some soil Physicocheical properties and nitrogen fertilization on winter wheat yield.Acta Agrophysica, 25(1), 107-116. https://doi.org/10.31545/ aagr0009
35. Toledo, D.M., Galantini, J., Dalurzo, H., Vazquez, S., & Bollero, G. (2013). Methods for assessing the effects of land use changes on carbon stocks of subtropical oxisols. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 77(5), 1542-1552. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj2013.03.0087
36. Torbert, H.A., Krueger, E., & Kurtener, D. (2008). Soil quality assessment using fuzzy modeling. International Agrophysics, 22(4), 365-370.
37. Van Leeuwen, J.P., Moraetis, D., Lair, G.J., Bloem, J., Nikolaidis, N.P., Hemerik, L., & de Ruiter, P.C. (2015). Ecological soil quality affected by land use and management on semi-arid Crete. Soil Discussions, 2, 187-215. https://doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-187-2015
38. Walkley, A., & Black, I.A. (1934). An examination of Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter anda proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37, 29-37.
39. Yanbing, Q., Darilek, J.L., Biao, H., Yongcun, Z., Sun, W., & Gu, Z. (2009). Evaluating soil quality indices in an agricultural region of Jiangsu Province, China. Geoderma, 149, 325-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geoderma.2008.12.015