اثر زمان و چرخه‌های تر و خشک شدن بر ماندگاری خاکپوش در خاک برای کنترل فرسایش بادی

نوع مقاله : مقالات پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز

2 دانشیار گروه علوم و مهندسی خاک، دانشکده کشاورزی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران

چکیده

خاکپوش با ایجاد پوششی بر سطح خاک می­تواند مقاومت سطحی خاک را در برابر جریان فرساینده­ی باد افزایش دهد. هدف این مطالعه بررسی کارایی خاکپوش­های­ معدنی (نانورس مونت­موریلونایت)، شیمیایی (پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات) و زیستی (زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز) در زمان­های مختلف برای اصلاح برخی خصوصیات فیزیکی و مکانیکی خاک و کنترل فرسایش بادی بود. همچنین دوام و پایداری این خاکپوش­ها در زمان­های مختلف با چهار چرخه­ تر و خشک شدن بررسی شد. آزمایش فاکتوریل به صورت طرح کاملاً تصادفی در سه تکرار اجرا شد. فاکتورها شامل (1) نوع خاکپوش شامل چهار سطح: نانورس مونت­موریلونایت، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات، زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم، (2) غلظت خاکپوش شامل نانورس مونت­موریلونایت: 0، 16 و 32 ، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات: 0، 8 و 16 و زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز: 0، 65 و 200 گرم بر متر مربع و (3) زمان شامل 21، 42، 63 و 126روز بودند. خاک مورد مطالعه از کانون گرد و غبار جنوب شرق اهواز نمونه­برداری شد. سینی­های تونل باد با ابعاد 5×30×50 (سانتی­متر) با خاک­ پر شدند. خاکپوش نانورس و پلیمر پلی­وینیل استات روی سینی­ها به صورت یکنواخت اسپری شد. خاکپوش زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز کاه گندم ابتدا با خاک مخلوط شد سپس با اسپری نمودن آب روی سطح خاک رطوبت در حد 75 درصد ظرفیت زراعی ثابت نگهداشته شد. پس از گذشت مدت زمان مورد نظر ویژگی­های خاک اندازه­گیری شد و سینی­ها در تونل با سرعت باد 20 متر بر ثانیه (در ارتفاع 15 سانتی­متری سطح نمونه) به مدت 5 دقیقه قرار داده شدند. مقدار فرسایش خاک به روش وزنی تعیین شد. سپس در هر زمان بهترین تیمار از هر خاکپوش (از نظر کاهش فرسایش بادی)، انتخاب شده و تحت چرخه تر و خشک شدن (چهار چرخه) قرار گرفت. نتایج نشان داد در خاک­های اصلاح شده با زغال زیستی و هیدروژل سلولز با گذشت زمان مقدار فرسایش خاک کاهش یافت اما در خاکپوش نانورس مونت­موریلونایت و پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات با گذشت زمان مقدار آن افزایش یافت. مقدار فرسایش در خاک تیمار شده با هیدروژل سلولز 3/99 درصد کاهش یافت. بیشترین مقدار مقاومت فروروی و برشی خاک در خاکپوش هیدروژل سلولز در زمان چهارم مشاهده شد که به ترتیب برابر با 1038 و 123 کیلوپاسکال بدست آمد. با گذشت زمان پایداری خاکدانه­ها در حضور هیدروژل سلولز و زغال زیستی افزایش و در پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانورس مونت­موریلونایت کاهش یافت. بین پایداری و بعد فرکتال خاکدانه­ها رابطه منفی مشاهده شد. مقدار فرسایش خاک در زمان چهارم در خاک­های اصلاح شده با هیدروژل سلولز، زغال زیستی، پلیمر پلی­وینیل­استات و نانو رس مونت­موریلونایت به ترتیب 99، 71، 84 و 85 درصد و بعد از چهار چرخه تر و خشک شدن، به ترتیب 98، 64، 76 و 81 درصد نسبت به خاک شاهد کاهش یافت. با توجه به نتایج این پژوهش هیدروژل سلولز به عنوان یک پلیمر زیستی و سازگار با محیط زیست، خاکپوشی مناسب برای کنترل فرسایش بادی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات

عنوان مقاله [English]

The Effect of Time and Wetting-Drying Cycles on Durability of Mulches in Soil to Control Wind Erosion

نویسندگان [English]

  • Fatemeh Nooralivand 1
  • A. Farrokhian Firouzi 2
1 Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
چکیده [English]

Introduction
 Wind erosion is one of the important processes of soil degradation in arid and semi-arid regions. Increased soil surface resistance is a key factor to prevent wind erosion. Mulch can increase the resistance of soil surface against erosive agents by creating a coating on the soil surface. The effectiveness of mulch on wind erosion control is on the quantity, type, and durability of the used in dust sources of Iran for stabilizing soil surface against wind erosion. In recent decades, petroleum mulch has been broadly used for stabilizing soil surface against wind erosion in dust sources of Iran. Bio-polymers (e.g. cellulose hydrogel and biochar) and naturally accessible materials (e.g. nanoclay) as environment-friendly mulches can be an alternative to chemical polymers and petroleum mulches. In arid and semi-arid regions, wetting-drying cycles play a crucial role in soil aggregate formation and strength. However, there have been limited studies assessing the impact of wetting-drying cycles on the durability of applied mulches. The main objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of different types of mulches, including inorganic montmorillonite nanoclay, chemical polyvinyl acetate polymer, and biological biochar and cellulose hydrogel, at various time intervals. The study aimed to improve the physical and mechanical properties of soil, as well as control wind erosion in a loamy sand soil using a wind tunnel. Additionally, the durability of these mulches was evaluated over time after subjecting them to four wetting-drying cycles.
Materials and Methods
 A factorial experiment was conducted based on completely randomized design with three replications. The factors including mulch type (four levels: nanoclay montmorillonite, polyvinyl acetate polymer, biochar and cellulose hydrogel), mulch concentration (Nanoclay montmorillonite: 0, 16 and 32, Polyvinyl Acetate polymer: 0, 8, and 16, biochar and cellulose hydrogel: 0, 65 and 200 g/m2) and duration (21, 42, 63 and 126 days). The soil used in the wind tunnel experiments was collected from a dust source in the southeast of Ahvaz (Site Number 4). Trays measuring 50×30×5 cm were filled with this soil. The soil surface was then uniformly sprayed with an emulsion of Nanoclay and Polyvinyl Acetate. Additionally, biochar and cellulose hydrogel were mixed uniformly with the soil. Water was sprayed on the soil surface to maintain a constant moisture content of 75% of field capacity. After a specified period, soil properties such as mean weight diameter of aggregates, fractal dimension, penetration resistance, and shear strength were measured. The trays were then placed in a wind tunnel, and a wind erosion test was conducted at a wind speed of 20 m/s for a duration of 5 minutes. The amount of soil loss was measured using the weight method. Then, at each time, the best treatment from each mulch (in terms of reducing wind erosion) was selected and subjected to wet and dry cycles (four cycles).
Results and Discussion
 The results showed a significant interaction effects (p<0.01) of mulch type, mulch concentration and time factors on soil aggregate stability and fractal dimension, penetration resistance, shear strength were significant (p<0.01). Soil loss decreased in soils amended with biochar and cellulose hydrogel and increased in the case of montmorillonite and polyvinyl acetate polymer over the time. The amount of soil loss in soil amended with cellulose hydrogel decreased by 99.3%. The highest amount of soil penetration resistance and shear strength was observed in cellulose hydrogel mulch at the fourth time which were equal to 1038 and 123 kPa, respectively. Over time, the mean weight diameter of aggregates increased in the soil treated with cellulose and biochar hydrogels, but decreased in the polyvinyl acetate and montmorillonite nanoclay treatments. There was a negative correlation between aggregate stability and the fractal dimension of aggregates. In terms of soil loss, at the fourth measurement time, soils modified with cellulose hydrogels, biochar, polyvinyl acetate, and montmorillonite nanoclay experienced reductions of 99%, 71%, 84%, and 85% respectively, compared to the control. After four wet and dry cycles, the soil loss further decreased by 98%, 64%, 76%, and 81% in the respective treatments, compared to the control.
Conclusion
 In general, it can be concluded that cellulose hydrogel presented the greatest effect on reducing soil loss and controlling wind erosion. In the soils amended with biochar and cellulose hydrogel, the effect of mulches on reducing soil loss increased over the time. However, the opposite results were found in the case of polyvinyl acetate and montmorillonite nanoclay polymers. Therefore, biochar and cellulose hydrogel in the long term and polyvinyl acetate polymer and montmorillonite nanoclay in the short term can control wind erosion. Wet and dry cycles at all durations increased soil loss. But their effect remained on soil loss reduction until the end of the fourth cycle. The results revealed that environmentally friendly biopolymers synthesized from biomass components can be considered as sustainable sources to reduce wind erosion. Bio-polymers are a new window into the use of sustainable biomaterials instead of synthetics in wind erosion control.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Biochar
  • Cellulose hydrogel
  • Montmorillonite nanoclay
  • Polyvinyl acetate polymer
  • Wind Erosion

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دوره 37، شماره 2 - شماره پیاپی 88
خرداد و تیر 1402
صفحه 295-314

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  • تاریخ دریافت: 29 آذر 1400
  • تاریخ بازنگری: 02 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ پذیرش: 17 بهمن 1401
  • تاریخ اولین انتشار: 19 بهمن 1401

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